Nervous System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the nervous system?

  • Regulates blood sugar levels
  • Coordinates and controls the body's activities (correct)
  • Produces hormones
  • Filters toxins from the blood

The nervous system can function without any support from life-supporting machines.

False (B)

Name the two main divisions of the nervous system.

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The ________ system works in conjunction with the nervous system for regulation of vital functions.

<p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sensory neurons play in the nervous system?

<p>Transmit sensory information to the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>CNS = Consists of the brain and spinal cord PNS = Includes cranial and spinal nerves Neurons = Cells that transmit nerve impulses Neuroglial cells = Support and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motor neurons are responsible for carrying sensory information to the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve impulses are transmitted through a combination of ________ and ________ signals.

<p>electrical, chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS?

<p>Afferent neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glial cells are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

<p>To produce myelin sheath and insulate axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ are specialized cells that support neurons and help maintain the blood-brain barrier.

<p>glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of glial cells with their functions:

<p>Astrocytes = Support neurons and maintain blood-brain barrier Microglial cells = Remove debris and engulf pathogens Ependymal cells = Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid Oligodendrocytes = Insulate axons with myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes sensory neurons?

<p>They conduct nerve impulses towards the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes are the smallest type of neuroglial cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do microglial cells do?

<p>They remove cellular debris and engulf pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the PNS?

<p>Form myelin sheaths around axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature neurons can divide and replicate themselves.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three functional types of neurons?

<p>Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spaces between Schwann cells that increase the speed of signal transmission are known as the __________.

<p>nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving input from other neurons?

<p>Dendrites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of neurons with their functions:

<p>Sensory neurons = Transmit stimuli from the body to the CNS Interneurons = Process and store information within the CNS Motor neurons = Transmit stimuli from the CNS back to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwann cells are only found in the central nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synaptic knobs in the neuron?

<p>To form synapses with other neurons, muscles, or glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in synapses?

<p>To stimulate adjoining neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature neurons can divide and regenerate after injury.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures form a nerve?

<p>Bundles of neuronal axons held together by connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neuroglia can regenerate but may be destroyed in certain ______ diseases.

<p>neurodegenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron carries sensory information to the CNS?

<p>Afferent neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nerve fiber is a neuronal axon embedded in ______.

<p>endoneurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axon of a peripheral nerve cannot regenerate if the cell body is intact.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is characterized by having multiple dendrites and a single axon?

<p>Multipolar neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bipolar neurons are primarily found in the retina of the eye and the olfactory bulb.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of unipolar neurons?

<p>Sensory reception</p> Signup and view all the answers

The junction between two neurons that facilitates communication is called a ______.

<p>synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of neurons with their descriptions:

<p>Multipolar neuron = Most common in the CNS Bipolar neuron = Found in sensory organs like the eye Unipolar neuron = Dendrites function as sensory receptors Sensory neuron = Transmits sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the speed of action potential propagation along a neuronal axon?

<p>Myelination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Action potentials occur over long distances within neurons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the electrical potential difference across a neuron's plasma membrane?

<p>Resting membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse functions by transmitting electrical signals directly between neurons?

<p>Electrical synapses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All neurotransmitters are either exclusively excitatory or inhibitory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses?

<p>They transmit signals across the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ neuron type is most abundantly present in the central nervous system (CNS).

<p>multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of synapses with their respective characteristics:

<p>Electrical synapses = Transmit signals via neurotransmitters Chemical synapses = Provide direct electrical coupling Neuromuscular synapses = Connect neurons to muscles Neuroglandular synapses = Connect neurons to glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function-based classification of synapses?

<p>Excitatory and Inhibitory synapses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The soma is responsible for the electrical signaling of the neuron.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one characteristic feature of the resting stage of a neuron during action potential.

<p>The membrane potential is negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The control center of the body, responsible for receiving, processing, and sending information.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, carrying information to and from the brain.

Neurons

Specialized cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system.

Neuroglial Cells

Cells that support and protect neurons, providing structure and nutrients.

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Sensory Neurons

Neurons that carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry information from the CNS to muscles and glands.

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Synapse

The process by which neurons communicate with each other, using chemical signals.

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Nerve Impulse

The electrical signal that travels down a neuron, carrying information.

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Glial cells

Supporting cells that provide structural and metabolic support to neurons.

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Afferent neurons

Nerves that carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

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Efferent neurons

Nerves that carry motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

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Astrocytes

The largest glial cells in the CNS, responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

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Microglial cells

The smallest glial cells in the CNS, responsible for defending the brain from pathogens and debris.

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Ependymal cells

Glial cells that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the CNS.

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Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells that produce myelin, a fatty substance that insulates axons in the CNS.

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What are synapses?

Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals.

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What are neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

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Can mature neurons regenerate?

Mature neurons cannot divide, meaning they can't be replaced if damaged.

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What happens when a peripheral nerve axon is damaged?

Axons of peripheral nerves can regenerate if the cell body remains intact. If the cell body is damaged, the neuron will die.

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What is Neurilemma?

Neurilemma is the outer layer of the Schwann cell, responsible for the regeneration of axons.

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What are nerve fibers and what are they made of?

Nerve fibers are formed by neuronal axons that are embedded in endoneurium. There are both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

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What is a nerve?

A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue.

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What are the functional types of neurons?

Sensory neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS, motor neurons carry information from the CNS to effectors, and interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons.

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Schwann Cells

Schwann cells are specialized glial cells that wrap around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), forming the myelin sheath. They aid in the regeneration of neurons in the PNS.

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Satellite Cells

Specialized glial cells in the PNS that surround neuronal cell bodies located in ganglia. They provide structural support and are responsible for regulating substance exchange between neurons and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

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Soma

The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus, nucleolus, and other organelles.

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Dendrites

Short, cytoplasmic branches extending from the soma of a neuron, responsible for receiving input signals from other neurons. In sensory neurons, dendrites can act as receptors.

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Axon

A single, long process that extends from the soma of a neuron, transmitting information to other neurons, muscles, glands, or lymphatic tissue. It contains axoplasm and is surrounded by the axolemma.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty sheath that surrounds the axon, formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. It acts as an insulator, aiding in the faster transmission of nerve impulses.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon, allowing for faster transmission of nerve impulses by jumping between nodes.

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Synaptic Knobs

Bulb-like endings of the terminal arborizations of an axon, forming synapses with other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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Axodendritic Synapses

Synapses where the presynaptic neuron's axon terminal communicates with the postsynaptic neuron's dendrite.

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Axosomatic Synapses

Synapses where the presynaptic neuron's axon terminal communicates with the postsynaptic neuron's cell body.

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Axonaxonic Synapses

Synapses where the presynaptic neuron's axon terminal communicates with the postsynaptic neuron's axon.

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Electrical Synapses

Synapses that transmit signals via the direct flow of electrical current through gap junctions.

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Chemical Synapses

Synapses that transmit signals through the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

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Neuromuscular Junction

A specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

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Neuroglandular Synapse

A specialized synapse between a neuron and a gland cell.

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Bipolar neurons

Neurons with one main dendrite and one axon extending from their cell body. These neurons are found in sensory organs like the retina, inner ear, and olfactory bulb.

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Multipolar neurons

Neurons with multiple dendrites and a single axon extending from their cell body. They are the most common type of neuron in the central nervous system.

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Unipolar neurons

Neurons with a single, fused process extending from their cell body that branches into dendrites and an axon. Their cell bodies are typically located in ganglia within the peripheral nervous system.

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Resting membrane potential

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is not transmitting a signal. It is usually negative.

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Proprioceptors

Specialized sensory receptors that detect changes in the position and movement of the body, particularly in muscles and tendons.

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Action Potential

The electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron, carrying information.

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Saltatory conduction

The process by which an action potential is propagated along the axon of a neuron, jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Overview

  • The nervous system is the primary control system of the body
  • Responsible for higher mental function and emotional expression
  • Regulates the activities of muscles and glands
  • Communication involves electrical and chemical signals
  • All body systems are influenced by the nervous system
  • If the system stops functioning, life support is needed

Learning Objectives

  • Define the functions of the nervous system
  • Understand the division of CNS and PNS
  • Describe the cellular composition of the nervous system
  • Understand the role of neurons and neuroglial cells
  • State the function of sensory and motor neurons
  • Understand how the nerve impulse is generated
  • Explain the process of synapse

Structure of the Nervous System

  • Complex network of specialized cells and tissues
  • Coordinates and controls the body's activities
  • Enables communication between different parts
  • Regulates vital functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and homeostasis
  • Works in coordination with the endocrine system

How the Nervous System Works

  • Sensory: Senses changes inside and outside the body (e.g., skin sensations, blood chemicals)
  • Sensory information is carried from receptors to the brain and spinal cord
  • Examples of sensory information: sight, sound, touch, taste, smell
  • Integrative: Processes sensory information, leading to appropriate responses
  • Integrative processes: memory and perception are examples of integrative function
  • Motor: Initiates muscular contraction or glandular secretion in response to stimuli
  • Stimuli come from various parts of the body
  • Examples of effectors: glands and muscles; movement is a common response

Organization of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial and spinal nerves; special sense organs outside the CNS

Cells of the Nervous System

  • Neurons: Functional cells of the nervous system
  • Glial Cells: Specialized connective tissue, supporting cells

Nervous Tissue

  • Neurons: Basic components of the nervous system
  • Glial Cells: Support and protect neurons; form a connective tissue around nerve cells
  • Nerve cell is a cord-like structure of neuronal axons, transferring sensory information to the CNS or motor receives information from CNS

Glial Cells

  • CNS:
    • Astrocytes: Largest and most abundant, provide support, form blood-brain barrier
    • Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath; insulates axons
  • Microglial Cells: Smallest, protective role (e.g., remove debris, pathogens)
  • PNS:
    • Schwann Cells: Form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS
    • Satellite Cells: Surround neuronal cell bodies in ganglia

Neuron Structure

  • Soma (cell body): Contains the nucleus and other organelles.
  • Dendrites: Short, branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
  • Axon: A long, slender projection that transmits signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
  • Synaptic terminal: The end of an axon where neurotransmitters are released.

Neuronal Function and Action Potentials

  • Neurons communicate via electrical impulses (action potentials)
  • The resting membrane potential is the difference in charge across the membrane
  • Action potentials involve rapid changes in membrane potential
  • The speed of action potential propagation is influenced by myelination, axon diameter, and temperature

Synapses

  • Junctions mediating the transfer of information between neurons
  • Structurally: Axodendritic, neuromuscular, neuroglandular synapses
  • Functionally: Electrical, chemical synapses

Neurotransmitters

  • Chemical signals that transmit signals across the synapse
  • Effect of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptor at the synapse (e.g., excitatory, inhibitory)

Neuron Types

  • Sensory (afferent): Transmit info from sensory receptors to the CNS
  • Interneurons (association neurons): Connect sensory and motor neurons; process information in the CNS
  • Motor (efferent): Transmit signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands)

Neuron Regeneration

  • Mature neurons typically do not regenerate after damage
  • Peripheral nervous system axons can sometimes regenerate, but this process is complex and depends on factors like the proximity of the damaged axon ends and whether the cell body remains intact.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and components of the nervous system. This quiz covers key concepts such as divisions of the nervous system, types of neurons, and the role of glial cells. See how well you understand this crucial system in the human body.

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