Podcast
Questions and Answers
CSF is reabsorbed into the ______.
CSF is reabsorbed into the ______.
blood
The ______ Plexus is the source of CSF.
The ______ Plexus is the source of CSF.
Choroid
Microglia are the resident tissue ______ of the CNS.
Microglia are the resident tissue ______ of the CNS.
macrophages
Activated microglia can turn good astrocytes ______.
Activated microglia can turn good astrocytes ______.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are responsible for making ______ in the CNS and PNS, respectively.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are responsible for making ______ in the CNS and PNS, respectively.
Astrocytes help maintain extracellular ______ homeostasis.
Astrocytes help maintain extracellular ______ homeostasis.
The blood-brain barrier is formed by astrocyte ______ to ensure nutrient and signal selectivity.
The blood-brain barrier is formed by astrocyte ______ to ensure nutrient and signal selectivity.
Ependymal cells line the CSF-filled ______ of the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymal cells line the CSF-filled ______ of the brain and spinal cord.
Astrocytes are broadly divided into protoplasmic and ______ forms.
Astrocytes are broadly divided into protoplasmic and ______ forms.
CSF bathes the brain and spinal cord and is rich in ______ and helps clear waste products.
CSF bathes the brain and spinal cord and is rich in ______ and helps clear waste products.
The ______ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The ______ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The ______ nervous system connects the body to the brain.
The ______ nervous system connects the body to the brain.
Specialised cells called ______ are the building blocks of the nervous system.
Specialised cells called ______ are the building blocks of the nervous system.
The large projection neurons are found in the ______.
The large projection neurons are found in the ______.
Nissl substance is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that is darkly stained with a ______ histological stain.
Nissl substance is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that is darkly stained with a ______ histological stain.
Neurons have a high demand for ______ synthesis.
Neurons have a high demand for ______ synthesis.
In the cerebellum, neurons can be identified where the pale cell nucleus and large, prominent ______ are present.
In the cerebellum, neurons can be identified where the pale cell nucleus and large, prominent ______ are present.
Myelin, found in white matter tracts, can be stained deep blue with ______ fast blue.
Myelin, found in white matter tracts, can be stained deep blue with ______ fast blue.
In the cytoplasm of the cell body, most of the dark, purple-staining densities represent rough ______.
In the cytoplasm of the cell body, most of the dark, purple-staining densities represent rough ______.
Cerebellar disorders can cause ______, which is impaired muscle coordination.
Cerebellar disorders can cause ______, which is impaired muscle coordination.
Dendrites can be either spiny or ______, contributing significantly to the neuron’s surface area.
Dendrites can be either spiny or ______, contributing significantly to the neuron’s surface area.
A purkinje cell of the cerebellum receives tens of thousands of contacts from ______ of other neurons.
A purkinje cell of the cerebellum receives tens of thousands of contacts from ______ of other neurons.
The axon connects neuron to ______, helping to transmit signals.
The axon connects neuron to ______, helping to transmit signals.
The neuronal cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and ______.
The neuronal cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and ______.
Proteins are not synthesized in the axon because there are no ______.
Proteins are not synthesized in the axon because there are no ______.
Interrupted or deficient axon transport can result in neurodegeneration and ______.
Interrupted or deficient axon transport can result in neurodegeneration and ______.
Anterograde transport moves material from the soma to the ______ terminal under the direction of kinesin proteins.
Anterograde transport moves material from the soma to the ______ terminal under the direction of kinesin proteins.
Retrograde transport moves material from the axon terminal to the ______ by the action of dynein proteins.
Retrograde transport moves material from the axon terminal to the ______ by the action of dynein proteins.
Defects in axonal transport happen very early in the course of ______'s disease.
Defects in axonal transport happen very early in the course of ______'s disease.
In Alzheimer's disease, defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein ______ lead to destabilization of microtubules.
In Alzheimer's disease, defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein ______ lead to destabilization of microtubules.
Myelination organizes the axon to enable the transmission of action potentials by ______ conduction.
Myelination organizes the axon to enable the transmission of action potentials by ______ conduction.
Nodes of Ranvier are approximately ______ wide and expose the neuron membrane to the external environment.
Nodes of Ranvier are approximately ______ wide and expose the neuron membrane to the external environment.
Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the ______.
Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the ______.
Astrocytes control the chemical environment at the synaptic ______, the gap between pre- and post-synapse.
Astrocytes control the chemical environment at the synaptic ______, the gap between pre- and post-synapse.
Astrocytes partake in ______ by releasing neuroactive molecules that signal back to synapses.
Astrocytes partake in ______ by releasing neuroactive molecules that signal back to synapses.
The ______ barrier helps maintain a stable environment for normal neuronal functioning.
The ______ barrier helps maintain a stable environment for normal neuronal functioning.
Ependymal cells line the ______-filled ventricles of the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymal cells line the ______-filled ventricles of the brain and spinal cord.
Astrocytes control extracellular K+ ______ to maintain proper neuronal activity.
Astrocytes control extracellular K+ ______ to maintain proper neuronal activity.
Astrocytes are classified into ______ and fibrous forms, based on their morphology and function.
Astrocytes are classified into ______ and fibrous forms, based on their morphology and function.
The nervous system is composed of specialised cells called ______.
The nervous system is composed of specialised cells called ______.
The ______ connects the body to the brain and includes the enteric nervous system.
The ______ connects the body to the brain and includes the enteric nervous system.
Neurons have a high demand for ______ synthesis due to their active role in signaling.
Neurons have a high demand for ______ synthesis due to their active role in signaling.
Defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein ______ lead to a decrease in the microtubule binding affinity.
Defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein ______ lead to a decrease in the microtubule binding affinity.
Astrocytes play a vital role in ______ transmission between neurons.
Astrocytes play a vital role in ______ transmission between neurons.
Myelination ensures fast conduction by axons through ______ conduction.
Myelination ensures fast conduction by axons through ______ conduction.
Synapses transmit chemical ______ between neurons.
Synapses transmit chemical ______ between neurons.
Nodes of Ranvier expose the neuron membrane to the ______ environment.
Nodes of Ranvier expose the neuron membrane to the ______ environment.
The myelinating glia include ______ and Schwann cells.
The myelinating glia include ______ and Schwann cells.
Astrocytes control the chemical environment at the synaptic ______.
Astrocytes control the chemical environment at the synaptic ______.
Continued proliferation and myelin re-modeling occurs in ______.
Continued proliferation and myelin re-modeling occurs in ______.
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the ______.
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the ______.
Dendrites can account for ______% of the surface area of the neuron.
Dendrites can account for ______% of the surface area of the neuron.
A purkinje cell in the cerebellum sums inputs from tens of thousands of ______.
A purkinje cell in the cerebellum sums inputs from tens of thousands of ______.
The axon is a long projection that connects neuron to neuron or to a ______.
The axon is a long projection that connects neuron to neuron or to a ______.
There are three types of molecular structures in the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and ______.
There are three types of molecular structures in the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and ______.
Axon transport is energy dependent and can be classified as slow or ______.
Axon transport is energy dependent and can be classified as slow or ______.
In the absence of ______, proteins cannot be synthesized in the axon.
In the absence of ______, proteins cannot be synthesized in the axon.
Neurodegeneration and dementia can result from interrupted or deficient axon ______.
Neurodegeneration and dementia can result from interrupted or deficient axon ______.
Movement of ______ helps to circulate the CSF around the ventricles and over the brain.
Movement of ______ helps to circulate the CSF around the ventricles and over the brain.
Activated microglia can induce astrocytes with poor trophic and synaptic functions for ______ and thus become neurotoxic.
Activated microglia can induce astrocytes with poor trophic and synaptic functions for ______ and thus become neurotoxic.
The ______ are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
The ______ are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
Microglia account for approximately ______% of brain cells.
Microglia account for approximately ______% of brain cells.
The ______ is performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes.
The ______ is performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes.
What is the primary function of microglia in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of microglia in the central nervous system?
Which inflammatory mediators are produced by activated microglia that can affect astrocyte function?
Which inflammatory mediators are produced by activated microglia that can affect astrocyte function?
What role do ependymal cells play in the central nervous system?
What role do ependymal cells play in the central nervous system?
Which statement about astrocytes is correct?
Which statement about astrocytes is correct?
How do activated microglia transform the function of astrocytes?
How do activated microglia transform the function of astrocytes?
What is one of the key functions of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is one of the key functions of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
How do astrocytes contribute to synaptic maintenance?
How do astrocytes contribute to synaptic maintenance?
What is the composition of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the composition of the blood-brain barrier?
What shapes do ependymal cells take, and what is their function?
What shapes do ependymal cells take, and what is their function?
Which type of astrocyte predominates in grey matter?
Which type of astrocyte predominates in grey matter?
What is the primary role of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary role of dendrites in a neuron?
What consequence can arise from interrupted or deficient axon transport?
What consequence can arise from interrupted or deficient axon transport?
Which component of the neuronal cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for providing structural support?
Which component of the neuronal cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for providing structural support?
What is a characteristic feature of the axon in neurons?
What is a characteristic feature of the axon in neurons?
What role do Purkinje cells play in the cerebellum?
What role do Purkinje cells play in the cerebellum?
Which type of neuron structure is primarily involved in information input?
Which type of neuron structure is primarily involved in information input?
What distinguishes the cytoskeletal components in neurons?
What distinguishes the cytoskeletal components in neurons?
What is the significance of the proximal and distal organization of receptors and ion channels on dendrites?
What is the significance of the proximal and distal organization of receptors and ion channels on dendrites?
What structure connects the body to the brain in the nervous system?
What structure connects the body to the brain in the nervous system?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the Nissl substance primarily composed of?
What is the Nissl substance primarily composed of?
What is one of the significant functions of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What is one of the significant functions of astrocytes in the nervous system?
Where can large projection neurons be found in the brain?
Where can large projection neurons be found in the brain?
Which component of the neuronal cytoskeleton is involved in anterograde transport?
Which component of the neuronal cytoskeleton is involved in anterograde transport?
What is the role of nodes of Ranvier in axonal transmission?
What is the role of nodes of Ranvier in axonal transmission?
Which staining technique would best identify rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons?
Which staining technique would best identify rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons?
What role do dynein proteins play in axonal transport?
What role do dynein proteins play in axonal transport?
How does myelination contribute to action potential propagation?
How does myelination contribute to action potential propagation?
What is the primary consequence of defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau in Alzheimer’s disease?
What is the primary consequence of defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau in Alzheimer’s disease?
What anatomical feature allows action potentials to propagate rapidly along myelinated neurons?
What anatomical feature allows action potentials to propagate rapidly along myelinated neurons?
What is the role of astrocytes in synaptic transmission?
What is the role of astrocytes in synaptic transmission?
What is a key function of the Nodes of Ranvier?
What is a key function of the Nodes of Ranvier?
During which developmental period does the majority of axon myelination occur?
During which developmental period does the majority of axon myelination occur?
What distinguishes oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the nervous system?
What distinguishes oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the nervous system?
What role do activated microglia play in the central nervous system?
What role do activated microglia play in the central nervous system?
Which type of cells is responsible for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain ventricles?
Which type of cells is responsible for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain ventricles?
What percentage of brain cells do microglia account for in the normal adult brain?
What percentage of brain cells do microglia account for in the normal adult brain?
Which cells are known as the primary defense mechanism of the central nervous system?
Which cells are known as the primary defense mechanism of the central nervous system?
What happens to astrocytes when they are induced by activated microglia?
What happens to astrocytes when they are induced by activated microglia?
Which protein is responsible for anterograde transport in neurons?
Which protein is responsible for anterograde transport in neurons?
What is the main impact of defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau in relation to Alzheimer's disease?
What is the main impact of defects in the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau in relation to Alzheimer's disease?
Which type of conduction is primarily enabled by the myelination of axons?
Which type of conduction is primarily enabled by the myelination of axons?
Astrocytes are known to regulate which aspect of synaptic function?
Astrocytes are known to regulate which aspect of synaptic function?
Where are the Nodes of Ranvier predominantly located in relation to myelinated axons?
Where are the Nodes of Ranvier predominantly located in relation to myelinated axons?
Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for the myelination of axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for the myelination of axons in the peripheral nervous system?
The continued proliferation and differentiation of myelinating glia mainly occurs during which period of life?
The continued proliferation and differentiation of myelinating glia mainly occurs during which period of life?
What is the primary role of astrocytes in synaptic transmission?
What is the primary role of astrocytes in synaptic transmission?
What is one of the primary roles of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is one of the primary roles of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
Which statement describes the blood-brain barrier?
Which statement describes the blood-brain barrier?
Ependymal cells have which of the following characteristics?
Ependymal cells have which of the following characteristics?
What distinguishes protoplasmic astrocytes from fibrous astrocytes?
What distinguishes protoplasmic astrocytes from fibrous astrocytes?
Which of the following roles do astrocyte end-feet play in the central nervous system?
Which of the following roles do astrocyte end-feet play in the central nervous system?
What is a primary function of dendrites in neurons?
What is a primary function of dendrites in neurons?
Which structure in neurons is responsible for axon transport?
Which structure in neurons is responsible for axon transport?
What characterizes a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum?
What characterizes a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum?
What happens when there is interrupted or deficient axon transport?
What happens when there is interrupted or deficient axon transport?
Which type of neuronal cytoskeletal structure contributes to the organization of neuronal activities?
Which type of neuronal cytoskeletal structure contributes to the organization of neuronal activities?
What is the primary role of myelination in neurons?
What is the primary role of myelination in neurons?
What feature distinguishes axons from dendrites?
What feature distinguishes axons from dendrites?
What describes the structure of the neuronal cytoskeleton?
What describes the structure of the neuronal cytoskeleton?
What specialized function do neurons primarily serve in the nervous system?
What specialized function do neurons primarily serve in the nervous system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of Nissl substance in neurons?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of Nissl substance in neurons?
What distinguishes oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system from Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
What distinguishes oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system from Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
In the context of neurons, what is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
In the context of neurons, what is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
Which histological technique is primarily used to visualize Nissl-stained neurons?
Which histological technique is primarily used to visualize Nissl-stained neurons?
How do astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission?
How do astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission?
What is the primary histological characteristic of neurons that allows them to be distinguished from other cell types?
What is the primary histological characteristic of neurons that allows them to be distinguished from other cell types?
Which of the following accurately explains the role of the enteric nervous system?
Which of the following accurately explains the role of the enteric nervous system?
What is one of the primary functions of astrocytes in the brain?
What is one of the primary functions of astrocytes in the brain?
What are the two main morphological types of astrocytes?
What are the two main morphological types of astrocytes?
Which structural feature is essential for the blood-brain barrier?
Which structural feature is essential for the blood-brain barrier?
How do astrocytes maintain extracellular potassium homeostasis?
How do astrocytes maintain extracellular potassium homeostasis?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the composition of the central nervous system?
What is the composition of the central nervous system?
Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?
Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?
Which type of ataxia is characterized by atrophy of the cerebellum and neurodegeneration?
Which type of ataxia is characterized by atrophy of the cerebellum and neurodegeneration?
What is the significance of Nissl substance in neurons?
What is the significance of Nissl substance in neurons?
What primarily composes the neuronal cytoskeleton?
What primarily composes the neuronal cytoskeleton?
What role do astrocytes play in the nervous system?
What role do astrocytes play in the nervous system?
How do neurons transport materials to distant points along their structure?
How do neurons transport materials to distant points along their structure?
Which statement about axons is true?
Which statement about axons is true?
What distinguishes the structure of neurons from that of other cell types?
What distinguishes the structure of neurons from that of other cell types?
What condition can result from interrupted or deficient axon transport?
What condition can result from interrupted or deficient axon transport?
How do Purkinje cells contribute to movement control?
How do Purkinje cells contribute to movement control?
What type of histological stain is used to visualize Nissl substance in neurons?
What type of histological stain is used to visualize Nissl substance in neurons?
The primary function of the gaps found at intervals along myelinated axons, known as nodes of Ranvier, is to:
The primary function of the gaps found at intervals along myelinated axons, known as nodes of Ranvier, is to:
What type of cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?
What type of cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the main function of activated microglia in the central nervous system?
What is the main function of activated microglia in the central nervous system?
Which inflammatory mediators are produced by activated microglia?
Which inflammatory mediators are produced by activated microglia?
Which type of glial cells are responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of glial cells are responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of transport moves material from the axon terminal to the soma?
What type of transport moves material from the axon terminal to the soma?
Which proteins direct anterograde transport in neurons?
Which proteins direct anterograde transport in neurons?
The breakdown of microtubules in Alzheimer's disease is linked to defects in which protein?
The breakdown of microtubules in Alzheimer's disease is linked to defects in which protein?
What is the primary role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What feature of nodes of Ranvier allows for fast conduction of action potentials?
What feature of nodes of Ranvier allows for fast conduction of action potentials?
During which period are the majority of axons myelinated?
During which period are the majority of axons myelinated?
What type of conduction do myelinated axons primarily use to transmit action potentials?
What type of conduction do myelinated axons primarily use to transmit action potentials?
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of which cells in the nervous system?
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of which cells in the nervous system?
Flashcards
Anterograde transport
Anterograde transport
Movement of materials from the cell body (soma) to the axon terminal.
Retrograde transport
Retrograde transport
Movement of materials from the axon terminal back to the cell body (soma).
Tau
Tau
A protein associated with microtubules that plays a crucial role in axonal transport.
Microtubule destabilization
Microtubule destabilization
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Synapses
Synapses
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Myelination
Myelination
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Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
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What are astrocytes?
What are astrocytes?
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What are some key functions of astrocytes?
What are some key functions of astrocytes?
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How do astrocytes contribute to the Blood-Brain Barrier?
How do astrocytes contribute to the Blood-Brain Barrier?
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What are ependymal cells?
What are ependymal cells?
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What is the role of CSF and ependymal cells?
What is the role of CSF and ependymal cells?
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
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Microtubules
Microtubules
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Dendrite
Dendrite
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Axon
Axon
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Axon Transport
Axon Transport
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Neurofilament
Neurofilament
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Purkinje Cell
Purkinje Cell
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Cerebellar Disorders
Cerebellar Disorders
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What comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
What comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
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What are neurons?
What are neurons?
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What are glial cells?
What are glial cells?
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What is a function of astrocytes?
What is a function of astrocytes?
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What is the role of ependymal cells?
What is the role of ependymal cells?
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What are microglia?
What are microglia?
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What is the role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
What is the role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
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What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
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How is CSF Reabsorbed?
How is CSF Reabsorbed?
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How can activated microglia affect astrocytes?
How can activated microglia affect astrocytes?
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Study Notes
Cells of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is composed of specialized cells
- The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the body to the CNS, and includes the enteric nervous system
- Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system
- Glial cells support and protect neurons
- Astrocytes: Maintain the chemical environment
- Oligodendrocytes: Create myelin in the CNS
- Schwann cells: Create myelin in the PNS
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid
- Microglia are the macrophages of the CNS
Neuron Structure and Function
- Dendrites are the receptive regions of a neuron, receiving signals
- The cell body (soma) integrates signals
- The axon carries signals away from the cell body
- The axon terminal releases neurotransmitters
- The axon can be myelinated or unmyelinated
- Axon transport moves materials between the cell body and axon terminals (fast and slow)
Synaptic Transmission
- Synapses are the junctions between neurons
- Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic terminal
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
- This binding triggers a response in the postsynaptic neuron
- The synaptic cleft separates pre- and post-synaptic sides
Myelination
- Myelin sheaths insulate axons, increasing the speed of signal transmission
- Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath
- Saltatory conduction: Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier
Glial Cells
- Astrocytes: Play a vital role in synaptic transmission because they maintain the chemical environment at the synaptic cleft; highly abundant
- Control extracellular K+ homeostasis, and supply glutamine
- Oligodendrocytes: Make myelin in the CNS, important for quick signal transmission
- Schwann cells: Make myelin in the PNS
- Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid
- Microglia: Are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are the first responders to injury or infection
Cerebellar Disorders
- Cerebellar disorders include ataxia, hypotonia, and dysarthria
- Spinocerebellar ataxias involve atrophy of the cerebellum and neurodegeneration (including loss of Purkinje cells)
Other Key Concepts
- The neuronal cytoskeleton. A network of fibers in the neuron. There are three categories
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Neurofilaments
- Defects in axonal transport are linked to diseases, like Alzheimer's Disease. Symptoms can include impaired motor function.
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Description
Explore the fundamental components of the nervous system, including neurons and glial cells. Learn about the structure and function of neurons, their roles, and how they communicate within the central and peripheral nervous systems. This quiz will help reinforce key concepts about the nervous system's cellular architecture.
