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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an involuntary function governed by the brain stem?
Which of the following is an involuntary function governed by the brain stem?
What is the primary purpose of reflexes in the human body?
What is the primary purpose of reflexes in the human body?
Coughing is considered a reflex action.
Coughing is considered a reflex action.
True
What part of the body processes reflex actions?
What part of the body processes reflex actions?
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An action potential involves the depolarization and repolarization of a neuron.
An action potential involves the depolarization and repolarization of a neuron.
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A ______ is an organ that detects a stimulus.
A ______ is an organ that detects a stimulus.
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What does the electric potential represent in neurons?
What does the electric potential represent in neurons?
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Match the reflex actions with their characteristics:
Match the reflex actions with their characteristics:
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The resting potential of a neuron is approximately _____ mV.
The resting potential of a neuron is approximately _____ mV.
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Match the neuron states with their respective voltage levels:
Match the neuron states with their respective voltage levels:
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Which of the following reflects the correct use of a reflex action?
Which of the following reflects the correct use of a reflex action?
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Why is it important for a reflex to be quick?
Why is it important for a reflex to be quick?
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The patellar reflex is an example of a polysynaptic reflex.
The patellar reflex is an example of a polysynaptic reflex.
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The only role of dendrites in a neuron is to send signals away from the cell body.
The only role of dendrites in a neuron is to send signals away from the cell body.
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Why is the knee jerk reflex considered a useful reflex?
Why is the knee jerk reflex considered a useful reflex?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for decision making and planning?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for decision making and planning?
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What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
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The occipital lobe is responsible for auditory processing.
The occipital lobe is responsible for auditory processing.
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What structure connects the spinal cord to the brain?
What structure connects the spinal cord to the brain?
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The __________ is responsible for major sensory input from the skin.
The __________ is responsible for major sensory input from the skin.
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Match the following brain lobes with their primary function:
Match the following brain lobes with their primary function:
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for motor control?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for motor control?
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The temporal lobe is located at the back of the brain.
The temporal lobe is located at the back of the brain.
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List one function of the cerebellum.
List one function of the cerebellum.
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What is the main role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?
What is the main role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?
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Reflex actions involve conscious thought.
Reflex actions involve conscious thought.
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What method can be used to measure human reaction time?
What method can be used to measure human reaction time?
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The formula to calculate reaction time is $t = \frac{2d}{g}$, where g is equal to _____ cm/sec².
The formula to calculate reaction time is $t = \frac{2d}{g}$, where g is equal to _____ cm/sec².
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Match the drugs with their effect on neurotransmission:
Match the drugs with their effect on neurotransmission:
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Which factor does NOT affect human reaction time?
Which factor does NOT affect human reaction time?
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Long-term effects of stimulants include increased heart rate and anxiety.
Long-term effects of stimulants include increased heart rate and anxiety.
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What happens to neurotransmitters after they serve their function in the synapse?
What happens to neurotransmitters after they serve their function in the synapse?
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What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ pump in neurons?
What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ pump in neurons?
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The action potential travels from the dendrites to the axon of a neuron.
The action potential travels from the dendrites to the axon of a neuron.
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What is released from the axon terminals when an action potential reaches them?
What is released from the axon terminals when an action potential reaches them?
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The gap between two neurons is known as the _____
The gap between two neurons is known as the _____
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Match the neurotransmitter with its common function:
Match the neurotransmitter with its common function:
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What happens when the threshold potential is reached in a neuron?
What happens when the threshold potential is reached in a neuron?
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Neurotransmitters can bind to any receptor on the postsynaptic neuron.
Neurotransmitters can bind to any receptor on the postsynaptic neuron.
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What is the term used for the electrical signal that travels along the axon?
What is the term used for the electrical signal that travels along the axon?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the body.
- It's responsible for coordinating actions and maintaining homeostasis.
- The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain is responsible for complex functions like thought, decision-making, and memory.
- The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and other parts of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS consists of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
- It transmits signals to and from the CNS to the rest of the body.
- The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
How the Nervous System Works (Flowchart)
- Stimulus: A detectable change in the environment (internal or external).
- Receptor: An organ that detects the stimulus.
- Sensory Neuron: Carries the signal from the receptor to the CNS.
- Relay Neuron: Connects the sensory and motor neurons in the CNS.
- Motor Neuron: Carries the signal from the CNS to an effector.
- Effector: An organ that brings about a response (often a muscle or gland).
- Response: The action taken in response to the stimulus.
Types of Neurons
- Sensory Neurons: Transmit signals from a receptor to the CNS.
- Relay Neurons: Connect other neurons within the CNS.
- Motor Neurons: Transmit signals from the CNS to an effector.
Glial Cells
- Neuroglial cells provide support, nutrition, and maintenance for neurons.
- There are more glial cells than neurons.
Parts of a Neuron
- Dendrites: Receive signals.
- Soma/Cell body: Contains the nucleus and processes information.
- Axon: Carries the signal away from the soma.
- Myelin sheath: Insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission.
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for faster signal propagation.
- Axon Terminals: Release neurotransmitters to signal the next neuron.
Motor Neuron Structure
- Dendrites collect signals
- Axon passes signals
- Neuromuscular junction is where signals are passed to muscle fibers.
Reflex vs Voluntary Actions
- Reflex: An automatic response to a stimulus, not involving conscious thought.
- Voluntary: A response under conscious control.
Reflex Arc
- A simple neural pathway involved in a reflex action.
- Consist of sensory neuron, relay neuron, and motor neuron.
Brain Structures
- Frontal Lobe: Higher-level thinking, decision-making, personality.
- Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing (touch, pain, temperature, taste).
- Occipital Lobe: Visual processing.
- Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, memory, language.
- Cerebellum: Coordination, balance, fine motor control (also involved in emotions).
- Brain Stem: Basic life functions (breathing, heart rate, consciousness).
Action Potentials
- Rapid changes in membrane potential that transmit electrical signals along neurons.
- Involves depolarization (neuron becomes more positive) and repolarization (return to resting state).
- Na+ and K+ channels are crucial in this process.
Neurotransmitters
- Chemical signals that transmit information between neurons across the synapse.
- Examples include dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate.
Synaptic Transmission
- The process by which neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another across a synapse.
- Chemicals (neurotransmitters) are released from presynaptic terminals, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons.
Caffeine
- A central nervous system stimulant.
- Blocks adenosine receptors, reducing drowsiness and increasing alertness.
- Can improve memory and focus in moderate doses.
Reaction Time
- The time between a stimulus and the initiation of a response.
- Factors influencing reaction time include age, gender, physical fitness, fatigue, distraction, and alcohol consumption.
- The ruler drop test is one practical method for measuring reaction time.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the nervous system. This quiz covers the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as how they coordinate actions and maintain homeostasis. Challenge yourself with questions on how signals are transmitted throughout the body.
