Nervous System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

  • Higher cognitive functions
  • Motor output
  • Sensory input
  • Digestion (correct)

    • Motor (efferent) neurons conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

    False

    What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

    Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

    The __________ system controls the activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

    <p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its correct definition:

    <p>Afferent = Exiting information out of the CNS Efferent = Arriving information to the CNS Tract = A bundle of axons inside the brain and spinal cord Nerve = A bundle of axons outside the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for linking sensory and motor neurons?

    <p>Interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic nervous system regulates the motor innervation of skeletal muscles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

    <p>It serves as a conduit for signals between the brain and the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the spinal cord finish growing?

    <p>4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord occupies the entire length of the vertebral column in adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord is anchored in place by the __________.

    <p>filum terminale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers of meninges with their descriptions:

    <p>Dura mater = Outer layer Arachnoid mater = Middle layer Pia mater = Inner layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT one of the three meninges?

    <p>Cerebrospinal mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is associated with the upper limbs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the spinal cord in males?

    <p>45 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many segments does the spinal cord comprise?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord has more cervical segments than cervical vertebrae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are found in the dorsal/posterior horn of the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the butterfly-shaped central part of the spinal cord.

    <p>gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the spinal cord regions with their respective vertebrae counts:

    <p>Cervical = 8 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 Coccygeal = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for innervating skeletal muscles?

    <p>Ventral horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior ramus of a spinal nerve innervates the post-vertebral muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the central canal in the spinal cord?

    <p>Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord?

    <p>Anterior spinal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior spinal artery is derived from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of innervation do the meningeal branches provide?

    <p>Sensory and vasomotor innervation to the spinal meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of anterior and posterior radicular arteries?

    <p>To supply the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior rami do not supply innervation to the skin and intercostal muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ascending fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord?

    <p>To transmit sensory information from sensory neurons to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ veins drain into radicular veins and the vertebral venous plexuses.

    <p>anterior and posterior spinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arteries with their functions:

    <p>Anterior spinal artery = Supplies anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord Posterior spinal arteries = Supplies posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord Anterior and posterior radicular arteries = Supply spinal cord and nerve roots Arterial vasocorona = Supplies pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The loss of white matter by volume in an autopsy study was _____ percent.

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Grey Matter = Contains neuronal cell bodies and is organized into nuclei. White Matter = Made up of axons that connect different parts of the nervous system. Anterior Rami = Innervates skin and intercostal muscles. Lamina/Rexed's Lamina = Classification based on 10 layers of neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the spinal cord?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spinal reflexes are voluntary responses to stimulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Organization of spinal neurons is true?

    <p>They are grouped according to structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The density of gray matter continues to decline after the age of ten.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of anterior and posterior radicular arteries are there?

    <p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ funiculus is limited by the ventral median fissure medially and the ventrolateral sulcus laterally.

    <p>anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Overview

    • The nervous system has a functional organization with basic divisions, including the spinal cord and meninges.
    • The system encompasses sensory, motor, behavioral, and higher cognitive functions.
    • Cognitive functions involve memory, thinking, reasoning, understanding, judgment, and behavior.

    Function of the Nervous System

    • Sensory input monitors changes (stimuli) inside and outside the body.
    • Integration processes and interprets sensory input and determines the appropriate response.
    • Motor output activates muscles or glands to cause the effect.

    Nervous System Divisions

    • The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord acting as the processing center. It receives input from the periphery.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the periphery, transmitting information to and from the CNS. Somatic and autonomic divisions exist in the PNS.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

    Functional Classification of Neurons

    • Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors (both somatic and visceral types.)
    • Motor (efferent) neurons convey nerve impulses from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and glands.
    • Somatic motor neurons control voluntary skeletal muscle contractions.
    • Autonomic motor neurons regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland activity.
    • Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

    Spinal Cord Structure

    • The spinal cord finishes growing by age 4, while the vertebral column finishes growing between ages 14 and 18.
    • In adults, the spinal cord occupies only the upper 2/3 of the vertebral column.
    • The spinal cord is typically longer in males (approximately 45 cm) than in females (approximately 42 cm).
    • The spinal cord has margins including the foramen magnum, L1/L2 vertebra and the conus medullaris.
    • The cauda equina is a collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal.
    • Two enlargements of the spinal cord exist at the cervical (C5 to T1) and lumbosacral (L1 to S3) levels for upper and lower limbs, respectively.

    Spinal Meninges

    • The dura mater extends to the posterior surface of vertebral body S2.
    • The subdural space is between the dura and arachnoid mater.
    • The arachnoid mater is the middle meningeal layer.
    • The subarachnoid space is located deep to the arachnoid mater.
    • The pia mater is the innermost layer adhering to the surface of the spinal cord.

    Spinal Cord Features

    • The spinal cord is attached laterally to the dura by denticulate ligaments.
    • These ligaments are continuous flat sheets of connective tissue.
    • The anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus are prominent features.
    • The spinal cord contains gray matter, which is butterfly-shaped and central within the cord.
    • The spinal cord's white matter surrounds the gray matter and contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways.

    Spinal Cord Nuclei

    • Spinal neurons are organized into nuclei and Rexed lamina (10 zones.)
    • Neuronal cells are grouped based on their structure and function.

    Spinal Cord White Matter

    • White matter within the spinal cord is made up of axons that connect the brain to the body.

    Spinal Cord Blood Supply

    • Anterior spinal artery supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord.
    • Two posterior spinal arteries supply the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord.

    Spinal Cord Blood Supply

    • Arterial vasocorona is an anastomosis between the spinal arteries.
    • This vasocorona system supplies the pia mater.

    Spinal Blood Supply

    • Arteries come from vertebral and radicular arteries supplying various parts of the spinal cord.

    Spinal Blood Vessels

    • Anterior and posterior spinal veins are present, draining into radicular veins.
    • Vertebral venous plexuses (internal and external) receive drainage from radicular veins that eventually empty into vertebral segmental veins.

    Spinal Cord Functions

    • Conduction: input and output along the spinal cord.
    • Neural Integration: receiving multiple inputs, integrating, and producing appropriate outputs.
    • Locomotion: coordinated muscle contractions, such as walking.
    • Reflexes: involuntary reactions to stimuli important for posture and coordination.

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes are quick, involuntary, and stereotyped reactions to stimuli of glands or muscles.
    • A reflex arc includes sensory input, sensory neuron activation, information processing in the CNS, motor neuron activation, and a peripheral effector response. Reflex arcs involve pathways that include sensory and motor structures in the CNS and PNS.

    Reflex Arc

    • Five main steps involved in a simple reflex: the arrival of a stimulus and receptor activation, sensory neuron activation, information processing in the CNS, motor neuron activation, and response by a peripheral effector.

    Reflex Arc Components

    • Afferent nerve fibers carry information from somatic receptors to spinal cord.
    • Integrating centers are neuronal contact points in gray matter within the spinal cord or brainstem.
    • Efferent nerve fibers carry motor impulses to effectors (muscles).

    Nervous System Aging

    • Gray matter increases until age 8-10 and then decreases after, though some increases occur later in density.
    • White matter loss by volume averages 28% from age 20 to 90.
    • Reduction of gray matter in neocortex averages 12% from ages 20 to 90.

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    Anatomy Lecture 1 (NS, Spinal Cord) 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the nervous system with this quiz. Explore the functional organization, divisions like the CNS and PNS, and the roles of sensory and motor outputs. Challenge yourself on cognitive functions, integration, and the overall workings of the nervous system.

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