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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?
What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
Which of the following is NOT one of the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three layers of the meninges?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three layers of the meninges?
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What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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Which of the following is responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier?
Which of the following is responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier?
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Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
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What is the name of the structure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
What is the name of the structure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
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Which of these brain structures is responsible for smoothing out motor movements and correcting errors in motion?
Which of these brain structures is responsible for smoothing out motor movements and correcting errors in motion?
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Which of these brain structures is responsible for relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
Which of these brain structures is responsible for relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
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Which of the following structures is directly associated with ADHD medication targets?
Which of the following structures is directly associated with ADHD medication targets?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for regulating basic emotions and primal behaviors?
Which of the following structures is responsible for regulating basic emotions and primal behaviors?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for regulating homeostatic functions and endocrine organs?
Which of the following structures is responsible for regulating homeostatic functions and endocrine organs?
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Which of the following areas is most likely to have a larger representation in the motor cortex?
Which of the following areas is most likely to have a larger representation in the motor cortex?
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Which of the following statements describes the function of the white matter in the spinal cord?
Which of the following statements describes the function of the white matter in the spinal cord?
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Which of the following brain structures is most directly involved in planning and initiating voluntary movements?
Which of the following brain structures is most directly involved in planning and initiating voluntary movements?
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Flashcards
Homunculus
Homunculus
A map of the body directly correlated to the areas of the brain responsible for sensory and motor functions.
Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
A group of structures in the brain that aids in the control of automatic motor functions and modifies motor programs.
Thalamus
Thalamus
The primary relay station for sensory input in the brain.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Limbic System
Limbic System
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Spinal Cord Tracts
Spinal Cord Tracts
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Efferent Division
Efferent Division
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
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Study Notes
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- Its function is to integrate and control bodily functions.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves.
- These nerves transmit information between the CNS and the rest of the body.
- Sensory (afferent) division conveys impulses from receptors to the CNS.
- Motor (efferent) division transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- This division regulates involuntary bodily functions.
- Sympathetic division mobilizes the body's resources during activity ("fight or flight").
- Parasympathetic division conserves energy and promotes "housekeeping" activities during rest ("rest and digest").
Somatic Nervous System
- Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
- The ENS controls the muscular activity and secretions of digestive organs.
- It's a complex network of neurons within the gastrointestinal tract.
Neuron Structure & Classification
- A neuron includes a nerve cell, nerve fiber, which are somewhat synonymous
- Classes of neurons include afferent, efferent, and interneurons.
- Afferent neurons transmit information to the CNS.
- Efferent neurons transmit information from the CNS.
- Interneurons carry information within the CNS.
Glial Cells
- Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, microglia, ependymal cells) support neurons.
- They provide structural, metabolic, and functional support to neurons.
Anatomy of the CNS
- The CNS has a basic network connecting afferent and efferent neurons via interneurons. In this network, afferent neurons transmit information to the CNS while efferent neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector organ.
Protection and Nourishment of the CNS
- Cranium/Vertebral Column: Provides bony protection.
- Meninges: Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Cushions and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.
- Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood.
Cerebral Cortex
- The outer layer of the brain, composed of gray matter.
- Divided into lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal).
- Each lobe has specific functions.
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
- Frontal Lobe: Involved in motor activity, speech, thinking, personality.
- Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory input (including temperature, pressure, touch), sensory processing, and recognizing objects.
- Temporal Lobe: Plays a role in auditory processing, sensory processing (including language), and emotion.
- Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information.
Localization of Functions in the Cerebral Cortex
- Specific areas within the cerebral cortex are associated with specific functions (e.g., primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex).
Phineas Gage Case Study
- A famous case study demonstrating the role of the frontal lobe in personality and behavior.
Homunculus
- A representation of the body mapped onto the sensory and motor cortices.
- Different body parts have varying amounts of cortical representation.
Basal Nuclei/Ganglia
- Important for "automatic" motor functions.
- Helps modify motor programs.
- Associated with Parkinson's Disease.
Thalamus/Hypothalamus
- Thalamus is a relay station for sensory input.
- Hypothalamus regulates homeostatic functions and endocrine organs.
Limbic System
- A collection of structures involved in emotions and primal behaviors.
- A pharmaceutical target for antidepressant medications.
Cerebellum
- Involved in smoothing movements, comparing intended and actual motions, and providing corrections.
Brain Stem
- Comprises the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
- Reticular Activating System sends sensory information to the thalamus for consciousness.
Spinal Cord
- Pathways to and from the cord use dedicated structures (roots).
- Divided into tracts for information transfer.
- Gray matter contains nerve cell bodies, white matter contains myelinated axons.
Tracts in the Spinal Cord
- Motor and descending pathways (efferent).
- Sensory and ascending pathways (afferent).
- Specific tracts handle specific functions.
Spinal Cord Organization
- Pathways to and from the spinal cord have dedicated structures for information transfer.
- White matter in the spinal cord is organized into separate tracts
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), and other key components of the nervous system. This quiz covers the functions and characteristics of various nervous system divisions, including the autonomic and somatic systems. Challenge yourself to understand how these systems work together to control bodily functions.
