Nervous System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

  • To receive signals into the cell (correct)
  • To transmit signals away from the cell
  • To protect the neuron from damage
  • To generate action potentials

Which type of neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?

  • Sensory neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Motor neurons (correct)
  • Glial cells

What is the voltage difference known as when a neuron is at rest?

  • -90 mV
  • -70 mV (correct)
  • 0 mV
  • -40 mV

What is the primary role of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordinating basic movements and balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Schwann cells in the nervous system?

<p>Forming myelin sheaths in peripheral nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily contributes to the resting potential of a neuron?

<p>Sodium-potassium pump activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic nerves?

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the medulla oblongata serve?

<p>Controls heart rate and breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myelin sheaths in neurons?

<p>To insulate axons and increase signal transmission speed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the resting membrane potential of a neuron approximate?

<p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interneurons in the central nervous system?

<p>To process information and facilitate communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the firing of a neuron?

<p>-50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the central nervous system do sensory nerves enter?

<p>Dorsal side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus contribute to homeostasis?

<p>By monitoring hunger and thirst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when neurotransmitters are released from axon bulbs?

<p>They excite or inhibit other cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion channels open during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

<p>Na+ gated channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

<p>K+ channels open (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional functions are associated with the limbic system?

<p>Managing strong emotions and short-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures controls movements of the digestive system?

<p>Medulla oblongata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in the action potential process?

<p>It restores the resting membrane potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thalamus in sensory processing?

<p>Relaying touch sensory input to the cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do excitatory and inhibitory signals affect a neuron's likelihood to fire?

<p>A balance of both types determines firing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens after the threshold is crossed at -50 mV?

<p>Depolarization occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does synaptic integration have on a neuron?

<p>It sums excitatory and inhibitory signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a concussion?

<p>Severe headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about epilepsy is true?

<p>It can be treated with anti-convulsants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious complication associated with meningitis?

<p>Permanent brain damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes rabies infection?

<p>Infection leads to hallucinations and seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of encephalitis?

<p>Difficulty breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myelin sheaths on neurons?

<p>To allow for faster transmission of action potentials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system respond to received sensory data?

<p>It processes the information and forms an action plan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary motor control?

<p>Somatic subdivision of the PNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sympathetic nerves?

<p>To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the action potential in neurons?

<p>It is a self-propagating and all-or-none phenomenon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic nerves?

<p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of motor neurons?

<p>To execute action plans by stimulating muscles or glands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do autonomic motor neurons differ from somatic motor neurons?

<p>They stimulate smooth muscles and glands involuntarily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the limbic system play in memory?

<p>It is involved in short-term memory and transferring it to long-term memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the cerebral cortex is responsible for voluntary movement and decision making?

<p>Frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is characterized by amyloid plaques affecting the frontal lobe and limbic systems?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is primarily responsible for generating speech?

<p>Broca’s area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the primary sensory cortex relate to touch sensitivity?

<p>More sensory neurons indicate more brain area is devoted to receiving information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is involved in interpreting music similarly to words?

<p>Auditory cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to motor neurons in areas with fine motor control?

<p>More motor neurons indicate a larger brain area allocated for movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of a concussion?

<p>Blurred vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is typically treated with anti-convulsants?

<p>Epilepsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What severe outcome can result from meningitis?

<p>Permanent brain damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with rabies as the disease progresses?

<p>Hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the brain due to a viral infection?

<p>Encephalitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of myelin sheaths in neurons?

<p>To increase the electrical signal transmission speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for generating myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Schwann cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism aids in maintaining the resting potential of a neuron?

<p>Sodium-potassium pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron primarily processes information in the central nervous system?

<p>Interneurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

<p>To receive signals from other neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do myelin sheaths affect the speed of electrical signal transmission?

<p>They significantly increase the speed of transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to axons in the peripheral nervous system after injury?

<p>They regenerate with the help of myelin sheaths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the threshold voltage that must be exceeded for a neuron to fire an action potential?

<p>-50 mV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During depolarization of an action potential, which ion channels open?

<p>Sodium gated channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome when a receiving neuron has more excitatory signals than inhibitory signals?

<p>The neuron fires an action potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step of the action potential process that helps restore the resting potential?

<p>Sodium-potassium pump activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which channels open to cause hyperpolarization when neurotransmitters bind to the receiving neuron?

<p>Potassium gated channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately after the sodium gated channels close during an action potential?

<p>Repolarization begins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical voltage state of a resting neuron?

<p>-70 mV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the myelin sheath in neurons?

<p>To speed up the transmission of action potentials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It regulates involuntary functions and maintains homeostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?

<p>The membrane potential reaches a critical threshold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sensory neurons in the nervous system?

<p>To transmit sensory data to the CNS for processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the 'fight or flight' response initiated by the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Enhanced physical readiness and elevated heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

<p>Somatic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the autonomic nervous system maintain homeostasis?

<p>By balancing automatic functions like heart rate and breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the threshold for neuron firing is exceeded?

<p>An action potential is triggered and propagates along the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the medulla oblongata play in the central nervous system?

<p>It monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the limbic system?

<p>Involvement in emotions and short-term memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for the entry and exit of sensory and motor nerves?

<p>Dorsal side for sensory nerves, ventral side for motor nerves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cerebellum in the hindbrain?

<p>To coordinate basic movements and maintain posture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the thalamus contribute to sensory processing?

<p>It relays touch sensory input and processes some outgoing motor signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of the parasympathetic nervous system activated by motor neurons?

<p>Lower blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key function does the hypothalamus serve in the brain?

<p>It regulates hormone secretions of the pituitary gland. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a person under the influence of alcohol have difficulty walking?

<p>The cerebellum, which coordinates movement and balance, is affected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the temporal lobe play in sensory processing?

<p>It interprets auditory input and smell information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is most effective for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory?

<p>Saying the information out loud. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is most directly associated with generating movement in specific parts of the body?

<p>Primary motor cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease related to brain function?

<p>Progressive memory loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parietal lobe contribute to sensory processing?

<p>It receives and interprets information related to touch and taste. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the brain as Alzheimer's disease progresses?

<p>Formation of amyloid plaques and neuronal tangles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is specifically involved in seeing words?

<p>Primary visual cortex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of areas in the brain with fine motor control?

<p>They have more dense sensory neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuron Parts

Neurons have dendrites to receive signals, a cell body with the nucleus, an axon to transmit signals, and axon bulbs to release neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that neurons use to communicate with each other, muscles, and glands; some stimulate, others inhibit.

Myelin Sheath Function

Myelin sheaths, produced by neuroglial cells, speed up the transmission of electrical signals in neurons.

Resting Potential

The resting potential of a neuron is -70 mV, indicating a voltage difference between the inside and outside of the neuron.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting potential by pumping 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in.

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Sensory Neurons

Sensory neurons carry information to the central nervous system from the body's environment.

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Interneurons

Interneurons process information within the central nervous system and connect other neurons.

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Motor Neurons

Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, causing actions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses. It increases heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, while also inhibiting digestion.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest and digest' activities. It slows heart rate, decreases breathing, and stimulates digestion.

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Spinal Cord Function

The spinal cord relays information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. It also controls reflexes.

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Dorsal Side of Spinal Cord

The dorsal side of the spinal cord is where sensory nerves enter, carrying information from the body to the brain.

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Ventral Side of Spinal Cord

The ventral side of the spinal cord is where motor nerves exit, carrying signals from the brain to the body.

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Medulla Oblongata Function

The medulla oblongata controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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Cerebellum Function

The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture. It also plays a role in learned motor skills.

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Hypothalamus Function

The hypothalamus regulates hormones, monitors body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a role in sexual behavior.

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Myelin Sheath's Effect

The myelin sheath, a fatty covering around axons, significantly increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission, allowing for faster communication between neurons.

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Action Potential: All or None

An action potential, the electrical signal traveling down a neuron, is an all-or-none event. It either fires fully or not at all. There are no partial firings.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord together form the CNS, which acts as the control center of the body, receiving, processing, and transmitting information.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The PNS consists of nerves that extend throughout the body, carrying sensory information towards the CNS and motor commands away from the CNS.

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Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, allowing conscious control of bodily actions.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion, operating largely without conscious thought.

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Concussion

A blow to the head that disrupts the brain's normal electrical activity, often resulting in blurred vision, headaches, problems with balance, and short-term memory loss. Sometimes, people lose consciousness.

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Epilepsy

A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, often involving many neurons firing simultaneously.

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What causes seizures in epilepsy?

Seizures in epilepsy can be caused by various factors, including brain injuries, inherited conditions, or drug use. Usually, it can be treated with anti-convulsant medications.

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Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection. It can lead to a fever, headache, seizures, confusion, behavior changes, and difficulty controlling movements. In severe cases, it can lead to coma and death.

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Meningitis

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain, often caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain. It can result in high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, confusion, and seizures. It can lead to permanent brain damage and even death.

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Limbic System Role

The limbic system is involved in short-term memory, which lasts up to several hours. It plays a vital role in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

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Long-Term Memory Storage

Long-term memories are stored within the cerebral cortex, specifically in the frontal lobe. This explains why the frontal lobe is associated with long-term memory.

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Frontal Lobe Functions

The frontal lobe is responsible for essential functions like voluntary movement, speech, planning, decision making, abstract thought, personality traits, and long-term memory.

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Parietal Lobe Primary Function

The parietal lobe houses the primary somatosensory cortex, which receives and interprets sensory information from the skin, including touch and taste.

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Occipital Lobe Function

The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex, responsible for receiving and interpreting visual input from the eyes.

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Temporal Lobe Function

The temporal lobe houses the primary auditory cortex, which processes auditory information, including sound and speech. It also receives and interprets smell information.

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Alzheimer's Disease Impact

Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the frontal lobe and limbic system, leading to memory loss, personality changes, and ultimately loss of self-care abilities.

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Brain Regions Involved in Language

Different brain regions are specialized for various aspects of language processing. Broca's area generates words, Wernicke's area interprets language sounds, the primary auditory cortex receives sounds, and the visual cortex processes written words.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron at rest, typically -70 mV. This means the inside is more negative than the outside.

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Threshold for Action Potential

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential in a neuron, typically around -50 mV. Once this threshold is crossed, the neuron 'fires.'

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Depolarization

The process of making the inside of a neuron less negative, becoming more positive. This occurs during the first stage of an action potential when sodium ions rush into the neuron.

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Repolarization

The process where the inside of a neuron returns to its negative charge after depolarization. This occurs as potassium ions flow out of the neuron.

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Action Potential Propagation

The process of an action potential traveling down the axon of a neuron, causing subsequent sections of the axon to depolarize and fire.

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Synaptic Integration

The process of summing up all the excitatory and inhibitory signals received by a neuron at its synapses to determine whether an action potential will be triggered.

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Stimulatory vs. Inhibitory Signals

Stimulatory signals cause depolarization (making the neuron more likely to fire) by opening sodium channels, while inhibitory signals cause hyperpolarization (making the neuron less likely to fire) by opening potassium channels.

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Threshold

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential in a neuron. This is usually around -50 mV.

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Action Potential

A rapid electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron, allowing communication between neurons.

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Stimulatory Signal

A signal that causes depolarization in a neuron, making it more likely to fire. This is achieved by opening sodium channels.

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Inhibitory Signal

A signal that causes hyperpolarization in a neuron, making it less likely to fire. This is achieved by opening potassium channels.

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What is a Myelin Sheath?

A myelin sheath is a fatty covering that surrounds some axons, acting as an insulator and speeding up the transmission of electrical signals.

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Neuroglial Cells

Neuroglial cells are specialized cells that provide support and protection for neurons, maintain ion balance, and create myelin sheaths.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump Function

The sodium-potassium pump actively moves 3 sodium ions out of the neuron and 2 potassium ions in, contributing to the maintenance of the resting potential.

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Types of Neurons

There are three main types of neurons: sensory neurons carry information from the body to the central nervous system, interneurons process information within the central nervous system, and motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

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Divisions of the Nervous System

The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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Rabies

A viral infection that affects neurons and travels to the brain, killing cells. It can cause hallucinations, seizures, coma, and ultimately death. It is often transmitted through mammal bites and has no cure once symptoms appear.

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Limbic System Function

The limbic system is responsible for short-term memory (lasting up to several hours) and plays a crucial role in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

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Frontal Lobe Role in Memory

The frontal lobe is the primary storage location for long-term memories in the cerebral cortex. It's involved in both forming and retrieving these memories.

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Primary Motor Cortex Function

The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, sends signals to specific regions of the body to generate voluntary movements.

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Primary Sensory Cortex Function

The primary sensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe, receives sensory input from different parts of the body, allowing us to perceive touch, taste, and other sensations.

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Broca's Area Function

Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for generating words and speech.

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Wernicke's Area Function

Wernicke's area, located in the temporal lobe, is responsible for interpreting the sounds of language and understanding spoken words.

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Visual Association Cortex Function

The visual association cortex, located in the occipital lobe, interprets and makes sense of visual information received from the eyes.

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Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' (stress), while the parasympathetic system promotes 'rest and digest' (relaxation).

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What does the medulla oblongata do?

The medulla oblongata controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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What is the cerebellum responsible for?

The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture. It also plays a role in learned motor skills.

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What does the hypothalamus regulate?

The hypothalamus regulates hormones, monitors body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a role in sexual behavior.

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What does the thalamus do?

The thalamus relays sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex for proper interpretation. It also processes some outgoing motor signals.

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What is the limbic system involved in?

The limbic system is involved in emotions and short-term memory.

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What does Parkinson's disease affect?

Parkinson's disease affects the thalamus, specifically dopamine-releasing neurons, leading to difficulties with smooth motions.

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Study Notes

Nervous System

  • The nervous system is comprised of 90% neuroglial cells
  • These cells support and protect neurons, maintaining ion balance
  • Schwann cells make up the myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system
  • Oligodendrocytes make up the myelin sheaths of the central nervous system
  • Myelin sheaths increase electrical signal transmission speed (120m/sec vs 2.3m/sec)
  • They help damaged axons regenerate in the peripheral nervous system

Neurons

  • Dendrites receive signals into the cell body
  • The cell body contains the nucleus and organelles
  • Axons transmit signals away from the cell body
  • Axon bulbs contain neurotransmitters and release them to stimulate or inhibit other cells (neurons, muscles, or glands)
  • Acetylcholine is an example of a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle
  • Myelin sheaths are produced by fatty neuroglial cells
  • Myelin increases electrical signal transmission speed

Action Potentials

  • A threshold of -50mV is needed for an action potential
  • If the membrane potential reaches or exceeds this threshold, a neuron experiences an action potential (fires)
  • Depolarization occurs when gated Na+ channels open and Na+ moves into the axon (+30mV)
  • Repolarization occurs when K+ channels open (in response to voltage change), potassium moves out of the axon (resting potential)
  • Reestablishment of the resting potential (-70mV) occurs by sodium-potassium pump

Synaptic Integration

  • Neurons receive stimulatory or inhibitory signals from other neurons
  • Neurotransmitters cause Na+ or K+ gated protein channels to open
  • Na+ channels lead to depolarization, a stimulatory signal
  • K+ channels lead to hyperpolarization, an inhibitory signal
  • The sum of excitatory and inhibitory input determines the response of the neurotransmitter
  • A receiving neuron fires if the input sum exceeds a certain threshold
  • A higher frequency of stimulatory signals increases likelihood of firing

Types of Neurons

  • Sensory neurons transmit information to the central nervous system.
  • Interneurons process information in the central nervous system
  • Motor neurons receive information from interneurons and transmit to muscles or glands.

Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves outside the CNS
    • Sensory nerves carry information toward the CNS
    • Motor nerves carry information away from the CNS -Somatic division stimulates skeletal muscles -Autonomic division stimulates smooth muscles and glands
      • Sympathetic nerves relate to the "fight or flight" response, releasing epinephrine/norepinephrine.
      • Parasympathetic nerves associate with relaxation and normal body functions, releasing acetylcholine.

Brain: Hindbrain

  • Medulla oblongata (brain stem) monitors hydrogen ion (= carbon dioxide) and oxygen in the blood, and controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and movements of the digestive system
  • Controls basic reflexes, like coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.
  • Connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

Brain: Cerebellum

  • Coordinates basic movements and balance.
  • Maintains posture.
  • Responsible for learned motor programs that become automatic (e.g., juggling, riding, walking).

Brain: Forebrain

  • Hypothalamus regulates secretions of the pituitary gland, works with homeostasis by monitoring body temperature, hunger, thirst, and blood solute concentration; important for sex drive.
  • Limbic system deals with strong emotions and instincts (love, fear, rage, sorrow) linked to basic desires like hunger, thirst, and sex.
  • Thalamus relays touch sensory input, and processes some outgoing motor signals.

Brain: Cerebral Cortex

  • Four primary regions:
    • Frontal lobe: voluntary movement , speech, planning, decision-making, abstract thought, personality traits, and long-term memory
    • Parietal lobe: primary somatosensory region for skin sensory information, touch, and taste.
    • Occipital lobe: primary visual cortex for visual input and interpretation.
    • Temporal lobe: primary auditory cortex for auditory input and interpretation, smell, and comprehension.

Nervous System Disorders

  • Concussion: Impacts disrupt brain's normal electrical activity which may cause blurred vision, headaches, balance problems and short-term memory loss, and loss of consciousness.
  • Epilepsy: abnormal electrical activity can cause seizures
  • Infections:
    • Encephalitis (inflammation of brain): results in fever, headaches, seizures, confusion, behavior changes, and possible coma or death, usually due to viral infections.
    • Meningitis (inflammation of tissues surrounding brain): high fever, headache, painful stiff neck, confusion, and possible permanent brain damage or death, usually due to viral or bacterial infections.
    • Rabies virus: infects neurons, travels to the brain, causing hallucinations, seizures, coma, and eventually death, transmitted from mammal bites. (no cure once symptoms appear).
  • Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease that affects the frontal lobe and limbic systems. It involves protein amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, progressively causing memory loss, irritability, personality changes, and inability to care for oneself.

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