Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary location of translation in a cell?

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What is the first step in the process of translation?

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What is a point mutation?

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Which type of mutation results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid?

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Which of the following best describes a frameshift mutation?

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What type of fossil provides indirect evidence of life?

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Which scenario describes a silent mutation?

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What is the result of a nonsense mutation?

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What is the primary function of the nervous system?

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Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals?

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What does the parasympathetic nervous system promote?

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What comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

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What is the role of the Myelin Sheath?

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Which system within the Peripheral Nervous System specifically controls voluntary movements?

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What is contained within the Cell Body (Soma) of a neuron?

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What is the correct pathway for signal transmission in a neuron?

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What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

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What is the primary function of the parathyroid gland?

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What common symptom can result from hormonal imbalances during puberty?

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Which gland is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?

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What is the main role of the testes in the male reproductive system?

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Which structure in the female reproductive system is responsible for transporting ova from the ovaries to the uterus?

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What hormone is primarily produced by the ovaries?

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What is the function of the adrenal glands?

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What effect does the insertion of an A nucleotide after the start codon AUG have on the RNA sequence?

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What is the main significance of transitional fossils like Archaeopteryx?

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Which type of structure does not share a common ancestry but serves a similar function?

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What aspect of comparative anatomy allows scientists to trace the evolutionary history of species?

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What can fossils provide in terms of evolutionary change?

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How do scientists use phylogenetics in studying evolutionary relationships?

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What does comparative embryology study in the context of evolution?

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What do vestigial structures indicate about an organism's evolutionary past?

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What is the primary significance of homologous structures in evolutionary biology?

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In what way does comparative anatomy aid scientists?

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How do early embryonic stages of vertebrates contribute to our understanding of evolution?

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What does molecular evidence primarily involve?

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What percentage of DNA do humans and chimpanzees share?

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What is one of the implications of molecular homology?

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What does comparative embryology provide evidence for?

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As embryonic development progresses, what typically happens to the similarities observed in early stages?

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What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

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Which of the following accurately describes the process of elongation in protein synthesis?

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What happens when RNA polymerase encounters a termination signal?

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In eukaryotes, what is the purpose of capping the mRNA?

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How does base pairing differ between DNA and RNA?

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What is the function of the anticodon in tRNA?

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Which statement is true regarding introns and exons during mRNA processing?

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What process occurs after RNA transcription but before translation in eukaryotes?

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Flashcards

Transcription

The process by which a DNA sequence is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into protein.

RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Translation

The process by which a mRNA molecule is translated into a protein sequence.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

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Codon

A three-base sequence on the mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Anticodon

A three-base sequence on the tRNA molecule that is complementary to the mRNA codon.

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Stop Codon

A three-base sequence on the mRNA molecule that signals the termination of translation.

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Comparative Anatomy

The study of similarities and differences in the structures of different organisms.

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Homologous Structures

Body parts that share a common ancestry but may have different functions. (Ex. Human arm, whale flipper, bat wing)

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Analogous Structures

Body parts that serve similar functions but do not share a common ancestry. (Ex. Wings of insects and birds)

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Vestigial Structures

Body parts that have lost their original function over time. (Ex. Appendix in humans)

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Comparative Embryology

The study of the similarities and differences in the embryonic development of different organisms.

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Fossil Record

The use of fossils to study the history of life on Earth and evolutionary relationships.

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Transitional Fossils

Fossils that show the gradual change in species over time. (Ex. Archaeopteryx)

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Phylogenetics

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA base pair sequence caused by environmental factors or errors during DNA replication.

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Point Mutation

A mutation that involves a single nucleotide change in DNA.

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Silent Mutation

A point mutation where the altered codon still codes for the same amino acid.

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Missense Mutation

A point mutation where the altered codon codes for a different amino acid.

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Nonsense Mutation

A point mutation where the altered codon becomes a stop codon, prematurely ending protein synthesis.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation where one or more nucleotides are either deleted or inserted, causing a shift in the reading frame of DNA.

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Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past, typically found in sedimentary rock.

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Body Fossils

Actual remains of organisms, such as bones, teeth, and shells.

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What is the function of the nervous system?

The nervous system is responsible for controlling and communicating information throughout the body, allowing for coordination of bodily functions and responding to internal and external stimuli.

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What are the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, which processes information, regulates bodily functions, and enables cognitive abilities.

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What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to limbs and organs, allowing for communication between the control center and the rest of the body.

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What does the somatic nervous system control?

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, such as walking or writing, and transmits sensory information from the body to the CNS.

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What does the autonomic nervous system control?

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow for physical activity.

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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

The parasympathetic nervous system promotes "rest and digest" functions, calming the body down after stress and conserving energy.

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Describe how signals are transmitted in a neuron.

Neurons, the basic units of the nervous system, transmit signals using dendrites to receive, cell body to process, axons to transmit, and axon terminals to release signals.

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Molecular evidence

Evidence of evolution that compares DNA, RNA, and protein sequences of different organisms to determine evolutionary relationships.

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Genetic similarity

Closely related species share more similarities in their genetic material (DNA, RNA) than distantly related species.

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Molecular homology

Similarities in the molecular structure of proteins among different species are evidence of shared ancestry.

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Evolutionary adaptations

Comparing embryonic development helps scientists understand how different species have evolved and developed adaptations.

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What does the Thyroid gland do?

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. It produces hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, energy levels, and growth.

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What does the Parathyroid gland do?

The parathyroid glands, located near the thyroid, control calcium levels in the blood. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases calcium levels.

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What does the Thymus gland do?

The thymus is a gland located in the chest that plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system by producing T-cells which destroy harmful pathogens.

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What does the Pancreas do?

The pancreas is an organ that plays a critical role in blood sugar regulation by producing insulin and glucagon. Insulin lowers blood sugar, while glucagon raises it.

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What does the Adrenal gland do?

The adrenal glands, sitting atop the kidneys, produce a variety of hormones, including cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones affect metabolism, stress response, and blood pressure.

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What are the main parts of the Male Reproductive System?

The male reproductive system is responsible for the production and delivery of sperm. It includes the testes (produce sperm and testosterone), epididymis (stores and matures sperm), vas deferens (transports sperm), seminal vesicles (contribute to semen), prostate gland (contributes to semen), and penis.

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What are the main parts of the Female Reproductive System?

The female reproductive system is responsible for producing eggs, receiving sperm, and nurturing a developing fetus. It includes the ovaries (produce eggs and hormones), fallopian tubes (transport eggs and site of fertilization), uterus (nurtures a developing fetus), cervix (opening to the uterus), and vagina.

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What are Hormonal Imbalances?

Hormonal imbalances occur when the body produces too much or too little of a specific hormone. This can lead to various health issues, ranging from mood swings to serious medical conditions.

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Study Notes

Nervous System

  • Controls and communicates information throughout the body
  • Coordinates bodily functions and responses to stimuli
  • Includes the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Composed of the brain and spinal cord
  • Processes sensory information
  • Regulates bodily functions
  • Enables cognitive abilities (thinking, memory, emotion)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Connects the CNS to limbs and organs
  • Divided into Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

Somatic Nervous System

  • Controls voluntary movements
  • Transmits sensory information to the CNS
  • Involves motor neurons stimulating skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Regulates involuntary bodily functions (heart rate, digestion, respiration)
  • Divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems

Sympathetic Nervous System

  • Prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses during stress
  • Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, redirects blood flow to muscles

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • Promotes "rest and digest" functions
  • Slows heart rate, enhances digestion, conserves energy

Neurons

  • Basic units of the nervous system
  • Transmit signals
  • Structure includes: dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals

Dendrites

  • Receive signals from other neurons

Cell Body (Soma)

  • Contains the nucleus and organelles
  • Processes incoming signals, integrates information

Axon

  • Long projection that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body

Myelin Sheath

  • Fatty layer surrounding the axon, speeds up impulse transmission

Axon Terminals

  • Endpoints of the axon that communicate with other neurons or target cells

Endocrine System

  • Secretes and releases hormones to regulate various body functions
  • Includes metabolism, growth, and reproduction

Pituitary Gland

  • Master gland
  • Controls other glands
  • Stimulates growth and other processes
  • Divided into anterior and posterior lobes

Thyroid Gland

  • Regulates metabolism, energy production, and brain development
  • Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Parathyroid Gland

  • Controls calcium levels in the blood
  • Essential for bone health and muscle function
  • Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Thymus Gland

  • Facilitates maturation of T-cells (for the immune system)
  • Plays a crucial role in immune response

Pancreas

  • Regulates blood sugar levels
  • Produces insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar)

Adrenal Glands

  • Manage stress response and metabolism
  • Produce hormones like cortisol (stress hormone), adrenaline (epinephrine)

Ovaries

  • Produce eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
  • Regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Testes

  • Produce sperm and male sex hormones (androgens, primarily testosterone)
  • Influences male characteristics and reproductive functions

Male Reproductive System

  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate Gland
  • Bulbourethral Glands
  • Urethra
  • Penis

Female Reproductive System

  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian Tubes
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina

Hormones

  • Chemical messengers that influence growth, metabolism, and reproduction
  • Short-term and long-term effects

Feedback Mechanisms

  • Positive feedback amplifies changes
  • Negative feedback counteracts changes (stabilizing the system)

Homeostasis

  • State of balance within the body (temperature, pH, glucose levels, etc.)

Protein Synthesis

  • Biological process of generating new proteins
  • Involves transcription and translation
  • DNA replication duplicates DNA before cell division

Menstrual Cycle

  • Occurs every month (approx. 28 days)
  • Divided into ovarian and uterine cycles
  • Phases: Menstrual, Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal

Mutations

  • Changes in DNA base pair sequence
  • Caused by environmental factors or replication errors
  • Can lead to changes in proteins

Point Mutations

  • Single nucleotide change in DNA
  • Can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations

Frameshift Mutations

  • Deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides
  • Changes the reading frame of the base sequence

Fossil Evidence

  • Preserved remains or traces of past organisms
  • Found in sedimentary rock
  • Types: body fossils (bones, shells), trace fossils (footprints)

Comparative Anatomy

  • Studies similarities and differences in structures of different organisms
  • Homologous: same ancestry, different functions
  • Analogous: similar functions, different ancestry
  • Vestigial: lost original function through evolution

Molecular Evidence

  • Compares DNA, RNA, and protein sequences of different organisms
  • Genetic similarity indicates closeness of relation

Comparative Embryology

  • Studies similarities and differences in embryonic development
  • Early embryonic stages of many vertebrates show striking similarities

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Science Reviewer (3rd Quarter) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the nervous system, including its components and functions. The quiz covers the Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), and the divisions within them. Understand how these systems coordinate bodily functions and responses to stimuli.

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