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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the efferent neuron in a reflex arc?
What is the primary role of the efferent neuron in a reflex arc?
Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
In a polysynaptic reflex, what is the main difference compared to a monosynaptic reflex?
In a polysynaptic reflex, what is the main difference compared to a monosynaptic reflex?
What is the main function of synaptic clefts in the nervous system?
What is the main function of synaptic clefts in the nervous system?
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What anatomical component is part of the peripheral nervous system?
What anatomical component is part of the peripheral nervous system?
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Which type of reflex is exemplified by the knee-jerk reflex?
Which type of reflex is exemplified by the knee-jerk reflex?
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Which neurotransmitters are associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitters are associated with the autonomic nervous system?
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What type of fibers enter the spinal cord via the posterior root?
What type of fibers enter the spinal cord via the posterior root?
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What is a consequence of a lesion on the cervical sympathetic chain associated with Horner's Syndrome?
What is a consequence of a lesion on the cervical sympathetic chain associated with Horner's Syndrome?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart function?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart function?
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What is the primary effect of the sympathetic response on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the primary effect of the sympathetic response on the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the pulmonary vessels?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the pulmonary vessels?
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Which cranial nerve is NOT primarily responsible for causing miosis in Horner's Syndrome?
Which cranial nerve is NOT primarily responsible for causing miosis in Horner's Syndrome?
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What physiological change occurs in the brain as a result of increased arterial blood pressure?
What physiological change occurs in the brain as a result of increased arterial blood pressure?
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What is the role of the greater splanchnic nerve?
What is the role of the greater splanchnic nerve?
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What is primarily regulated by the inferior cervical ganglia?
What is primarily regulated by the inferior cervical ganglia?
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Which ganglia are classified as sympathetic?
Which ganglia are classified as sympathetic?
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of parasympathetic ganglia?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of parasympathetic ganglia?
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What is the common term used to refer to the response regulated by sympathetic pathways?
What is the common term used to refer to the response regulated by sympathetic pathways?
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on pupil diameter?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on pupil diameter?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect heart rate?
How does the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect heart rate?
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Which of the following ganglia are involved with the rest and digest functions?
Which of the following ganglia are involved with the rest and digest functions?
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Which response mechanism is associated with the gastrointestinal system being inhibited?
Which response mechanism is associated with the gastrointestinal system being inhibited?
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Which ganglia is associated with the stimulation of adrenaline release in response to stress?
Which ganglia is associated with the stimulation of adrenaline release in response to stress?
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What describes the myelination of preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
What describes the myelination of preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
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Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic fibers located?
Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic fibers located?
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What percentage of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is adrenaline?
What percentage of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is adrenaline?
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What characterizes the structure of the sympathetic chain ganglia?
What characterizes the structure of the sympathetic chain ganglia?
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Which of the following ganglia is associated with longer fibers?
Which of the following ganglia is associated with longer fibers?
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Which statement correctly describes the nature of postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla?
Which statement correctly describes the nature of postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla?
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What is a significant difference between catecholamine effects and sympathetic nerve effects?
What is a significant difference between catecholamine effects and sympathetic nerve effects?
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What is the primary function of postganglionic fibers?
What is the primary function of postganglionic fibers?
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From which segments of the spinal cord do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
From which segments of the spinal cord do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
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Where do sympathetic postganglionic fibers originate?
Where do sympathetic postganglionic fibers originate?
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What is the general relationship between the number of postganglionic fibers and their corresponding preganglionic fibers?
What is the general relationship between the number of postganglionic fibers and their corresponding preganglionic fibers?
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Which physiological response is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system's effect on the eye?
Which physiological response is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system's effect on the eye?
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Which of the following routes do preganglionic sympathetic fibers NOT take?
Which of the following routes do preganglionic sympathetic fibers NOT take?
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Which type of ganglia is primarily located midway between the spinal cord and the viscera?
Which type of ganglia is primarily located midway between the spinal cord and the viscera?
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the skin?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the skin?
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Which statement is true regarding the location of collateral ganglia?
Which statement is true regarding the location of collateral ganglia?
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Which of the following best describes the length of postganglionic fibers in the autonomic ganglia?
Which of the following best describes the length of postganglionic fibers in the autonomic ganglia?
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Which function is primarily associated with the action of catecholamines in the body?
Which function is primarily associated with the action of catecholamines in the body?
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What is the main role of the sympathetic nervous system in the salivary glands?
What is the main role of the sympathetic nervous system in the salivary glands?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system receives information from internal and external environments.
- Information is integrated (processed).
- Integration occurs at three levels: spinal cord, lower brain (subcortical), and higher brain (cortical).
- A rapid and precise response follows integration.
Anatomical Divisions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord. It's the main processing center.
- Peripheral Nervous System: Includes peripheral nerves and ganglia. It transmits signals between the CNS and the body.
Neuron Structure
- Neuron: The basic structural unit of the nervous system.
- Contains a cell body (with nucleus and organelles).
- Dendrites: Receive impulses.
- Axon (nerve fiber): Carries impulses away from the cell body. Can be myelinated (faster) or non-myelinated.
- A nerve is formed of many nerve fibers (neurons).
Synapse
- Synapse: Sites where axons of one neuron connect to dendrites, cell bodies, or axons of other neurons.
- Synaptic cleft: The space between neurons where chemical transmitters are released.
- Function: Transmission of impulse (electrical signal) from one neuron to another.
Physiological Divisions
- Sensory Nervous System: Transmits information from peripheral receptors to the CNS (afferent fibers) through the posterior root.
- Motor Nervous System: Transmits information from the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands etc.) (efferent fibers) through the anterior root.
- Receptors: Receive external (light, sound, temperature) and internal (muscle tension, visceral) information.
- Somatic Sensory Division: Receives information about the body surface (skin, muscles, joints) and special senses.
- Visceral Sensory Division: Receives information from internal organs (viscera).
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands). Two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)
Reflex Arc
- Reflex: A functional unit of the nervous system.
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Components:
- Stimulus
- Receptor (sensory organ where the impulse is initiated)
- Afferent neuron
- Center (one or more synapses in CNS)
- Efferent neuron
- Effector organ (the muscle or gland that performs the response)
- Response
- Types: Monosynaptic (simplest, one synapse) and polysynaptic (more complex, with interneurons).
Somatic Reflexes
- Relay at dorsal horn cell or cranial nuclei
- Afferent fibers: relay at dorsal horn cells or cranial nuclei
- Efferent fibers: relay at lateral horn cells or cranial nuclei
Autonomic Reflexes
- Origin: Anterior horn cells (AHCs) of spinal cord or Lateral horn cells(LHCs) or Cranial nuclei.
Autonomic Ganglia
- Definition: A collection of neurons outside the central nervous system.
- Types: Paravertebral (along the spinal column), Collateral (midway between spinal cord and organs), Terminal (near or within the target organ).
- Function: Act as distribution centers.
Adrenal Medulla
- Modified sympathetic ganglion.
- Postganglionic neurons lose their axons.
- Catecholamine secretion directly into blood (adrenaline/noradrenaline).
- Effects are prolonged compared to other sympathetic effects.
Functions of Sympathetic Nervous System (Thoraco-lumbar)
- Arise from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
- Preganglionic fibers leave spinal cord via ventral roots.
- Pass into ganglia of paravertebral sympathetic chain.
- Course: one of 3 ways.
- Synapse in the same ganglion.
- Pass up or down the chain to another ganglion.
- Pass through the chain without synapsing.
Head and Neck Functions
- Eye: Control eyelid elevation, pupil dilation, and visual field.
- Skin: Control vasoconstriction/vasodilation, hair erection, and sweat gland secretion.
- Salivary glands: Control salivary secretion.
- Cerebral circulation: Control cerebral blood flow.
Thorax Functions
- Heart: Control heart rate, conduction, excitability, and contractility.
- Lung: Control bronchodilation and mild pulmonary vessel control.
Abdomen Functions
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Control relaxation of smooth muscle of the wall of the stomach, small intestine, and proximal part of the large intestine.
- Liver: Control glycogenolysis (convert glycogen into glucose).
- Spleen: Control contraction of the spleen capsule.
- Other: Control secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood, and vasodilation/vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
Pelvic Viscera Functions
- GIT: Control of feces and rectum.
- Urinary Bladder: Control of urine.
- Male Genitalia: Control of ejaculation.
- Female Genitalia: Varied effects according to menstrual cycle.
Metabolism and Blood Distribution
- Metabolism: Sympathetic system effects on metabolism, including basal metabolism, blood glucose, clotting, and lipolysis..
- Blood distribution: Sympathetic system activates "alarm" response.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about its anatomical divisions, neuron structure, and the function of synapses. Test your understanding of how information is processed and transmitted in the body.
