Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which structure of a neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?

  • Dendrites (correct)
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Axon terminals

What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

  • Sensitivity to external stimuli
  • Integration and decision-making (correct)
  • Coordination of voluntary movements
  • Communication

What component of the neuron is responsible for the transmission of electrical impulses away from the cell body?

  • Dendrites
  • Myelin sheath
  • Axon (correct)
  • Cell body

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and calming the body after a stressful event?

<p>Parasympathetic division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options correctly describes the components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Nerves and ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?

<p>Binding of neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does voltage-gated sodium channels play in neuronal signaling?

<p>They open in response to a change in voltage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is predominantly found outside the neuron at resting state?

<p>Sodium (Na⁺) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the termination of the action potential?

<p>Sodium channels inactivate and potassium channels open. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To pump sodium out and potassium in. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the positive feedback loop amplify the action potential?

<p>It allows more sodium channels to open as more sodium enters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for balancing the charge inside the neuron?

<p>Cellular proteins with a net negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the initial influx of sodium ions into the neuron?

<p>Voltage change detected by channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the evolution of the nervous system play in vertebrates?

<p>It allows for more complex tasks and adaptability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are potential long-term effects of chronic exposure to elevated temperatures on the nervous system?

<p>Prolonged neural inefficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may lead to long-lasting impairments in cognitive functions?

<p>Persistent heat stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system of insects differ from that of vertebrates?

<p>It has specialized ganglia for local processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of the global warming effects on the nervous system?

<p>Less effective brain function over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a feature of the arthropod nervous system?

<p>It includes specialized ganglia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary evolutionary benefit of a highly developed nervous system?

<p>Enhanced ability to process and respond to stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected impact of global warming on motor skills according to the content?

<p>Impairment of motor skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal?

<p>Calcium ions entering the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a neuron after it reaches the resting potential following an action potential?

<p>It resets and is ready for the next action potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the electrical cycle in the next neuron after neurotransmitters bind to its receptors?

<p>Binding of neurotransmitters to specific receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During synaptic transmission, what is the role of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?

<p>To diffuse across and bind to receptors on the next neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive potassium leaving a neuron?

<p>It can cause the voltage to drop below resting level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence describes the neurotransmitter release process in correct order?

<p>Calcium ions enter, vesicles fuse, neurotransmitters bind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cycle of neurotransmission ensure continuous communication within the nervous system?

<p>By propagating signals until they reach a final destination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron?

<p>They initiate a new electrical cycle in the next neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do extreme temperatures have on enzymes that regulate synaptic activity?

<p>They cause alterations in enzyme activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of temperature shifts for navigation in animals?

<p>Difficulty in following migration routes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does extreme heat affect ectothermic animals?

<p>It disrupts their neural processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavioral change is observed in animals due to temperature-related impairments?

<p>Inability to locate food or nesting areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can thermal stress have on an animal's learning and memory?

<p>It can lead to significant reduction in learning and memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of impaired thermoregulation in extreme conditions?

<p>Impaired metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals primarily relies on external temperatures for thermoregulation?

<p>Ectothermic animals like reptiles and amphibians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation can be observed in cnidarians like jellyfish in response to environmental changes?

<p>Simple neural plasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does climate change have on the thermoregulation of marine species?

<p>It causes higher temperatures that can overwhelm natural thermoregulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do marine species face with warmer waters and low oxygen levels?

<p>Reduced coordination and movement patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can neural plasticity in cephalopods lead to?

<p>Thriving in environments where other species struggle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of disorientation caused by climate change?

<p>Difficulty in finding suitable habitats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'dead zone' in the context of marine environments?

<p>An area with low oxygen levels where most marine life cannot survive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS) Component

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for integration and decision-making in the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Component

Nerves and ganglia, facilitating communication between the CNS and other parts of the body.

Neuron Cell Body Function

Contains the nucleus, directing the neuron's metabolic activities and protein production.

Parasympathetic Division Role

Part of the nervous system that helps you relax after a stressful situation.

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Nervous System Structure

The nervous system is structured with cell bodies, dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths and axon terminals.

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Action Potential

The second signaling process in a neuron, triggered by ionic influx, and is a self-propagating signal.

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Sodium Channels

Voltage-gated channels that open in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing sodium ions to flow into the neuron.

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Ionic Gradients

Differences in ion concentration across the neuron's membrane, crucial for generating/conducting signals.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

A crucial pump that maintains ion gradients by actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions in.

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Resting Potential

The state of a neuron when it's not transmitting a signal, maintaining the voltage difference.

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Positive Feedback Loop

A chain reaction where opening more sodium channels triggers more channels to open, accelerating the action potential.

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Termination of Action Potential

The process where the neuron resets its state for the next signal.

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Voltage-Gated Channels

Channels that open or close depending on the electrical voltage across the membrane.

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What is synaptic transmission?

The process of communication between two neurons where a signal is passed across the synaptic cleft.

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What triggers neurotransmitter release?

Calcium ions entering the axon terminal cause vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.

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What is the function of neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers, binding to receptors on the next neuron and triggering a new electrical signal.

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What is hyperpolarization?

The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, making it less likely for an action potential to occur.

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Depolarization

The membrane potential becomes more positive, making it more likely for an action potential to occur.

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Repolarization

The membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization.

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Arthropoda Nervous System

The nervous system of arthropods, characterized by a ventral nerve cord with specialized ganglia for local processing.

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Advanced Ganglionic Nervous System

A nervous system with highly developed ganglia, allowing for more complex processing and decision-making.

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Evolution of Nervous System

The gradual development of the nervous system over time, becoming more sophisticated for better adaptation and survival.

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Thermal Stress on Nervous System

The negative impacts of elevated temperatures on the nervous system, leading to impairment in cognitive functions and motor skills.

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Chronic Exposure to Elevated Temperatures

Long-term exposure to high temperatures causing persistent impairment in brain function.

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Long-Term Effects of Heat Stress

Prolonged heat exposure can lead to lasting damage to cognitive functions, motor skills, and overall brain efficiency.

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Neural Inefficiency

A state where brain function becomes less effective over time due to chronic heat exposure.

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Impaired Decision-Making

Reduced ability to make sound judgments and choices due to compromised brain function.

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Temperature Sensitivity of Enzymes

Enzymes involved in synaptic activity and neural processes are highly affected by temperature. Shifts in temperature alter enzyme activity, impacting signal transmission and neural function.

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Ectothermic Animals and Temperature

Animals that rely on external temperatures to regulate their body heat (e.g., reptiles, amphibians, fish). Extreme heat disrupts enzyme activity, impairing neural processes.

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Navigation Disruption by Temperature

Many animals use temperature cues for navigation (e.g., temperature gradients). Extreme temperatures can interfere with these cues, leading to disorientation, difficulty following migration routes, and inability to find food or nesting areas.

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Cognitive Impairment due to Heat

Learning and memory can be significantly reduced under thermal stress. Extreme temperatures affect the brain's ability to process stimuli, reducing reaction time and coordination, impacting the animal's ability to respond.

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Thermoregulation Challenges

Maintaining body temperature becomes less effective in extreme conditions. Animals may become unable to maintain optimal body temperature, impairing metabolism.

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Simple Neural Plasticity in Jellyfish

Even simple organisms like jellyfish display neural plasticity. They adjust their behavior in response to changes in temperature.

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Cephalopod Adaptability

Cephalopods, like octopuses and squids, have advanced neural capabilities that allow them to adapt to changing environments, even those with low oxygen levels.

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Climate Change Impact on Disorientation

Warmer waters and low oxygen levels caused by climate change can disrupt a cephalopod's ability to navigate and find suitable habitats, leading to disorientation and potential decline in survival rates.

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Neural Plasticity's Role

Cephalopods have neural plasticity, which allows them to modify their brains and behaviors in response to environmental changes, helping them survive in harsh conditions.

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Adaptability to Dead Zones

Cephalopods can thrive in oxygen-depleted areas, often called "dead zones," where other species struggle.

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Reduced Coordination and Movement Patterns

Warmer waters and low oxygen can affect cephalopod coordination and movement, making it harder for them to swim and feed effectively.

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Study Notes

Nervous System

  • The nervous system is the principal control and communication system in animals.
  • Enables perception of stimuli, coordinating responses and integrating bodily functions.
  • Crucial for survival, adapting to the environment, and maintaining homeostasis.
  • Contains specialized sensory receptors like mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and thermoreceptors.

Key Functions

  • Sensory Input: Detecting changes in the environment (internal or external).
  • Integration: Processing and interpreting sensory information.
  • Motor Output: Activating muscles or glands to produce a response.
  • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions.
  • Behavioral Regulation: Controlling behaviors for survival and reproduction.

Sensory Input

  • Detecting changes in the external or internal environment (light, sound, temperature, touch).

Integration

  • Processing and interpreting sensory information.
  • Determining the significance of sensory input.
  • Interpreting the meaning of information.
  • Deciding appropriate responses based on context.

Motor Output

  • Activating muscles or glands to produce a response based on sensory input and integration.

Subconscious Integration

  • Automatic responses (reflexes) to stimuli not requiring conscious thought.
  • Primarily regulated by the brain and spinal cord.

Conscious Integration

  • Voluntary responses, requiring conscious thought and control.
  • Involving the higher brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex.

Voluntary Motor Output

  • Conscious control over movements.
  • Regulated by the somatic nervous system.

Involuntary Motor Output

  • Automatic responses not requiring conscious control.
  • Regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Homeostasis

  • Maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes (e.g., body temperature, blood pressure).
  • Example: Sweating to regulate body temperature in a hot environment.

Behavioral Regulation

  • Controls behaviors to ensure survival and reproduction based on instinct, learning and complex behaviors.
  • Example: Developing sexual desires at maturity.

General Structure of the Nervous System

    1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Contains the brain and spinal cord, acting as the control center.
    1. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Contains the brain and the spinal cord.
  • Responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating responses.
  • Protected by the skull and vertebrae.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Connects the CNS with the rest of the body.
  • Ensures seamless communication, coordination, and regulation of bodily functions.

Components of the CNS (Brain)

  • The most complex organ in the body, divided into regions that control distinct functions.
  • Consists of billions of neurons and glial cells.

Forebrain

  • Cerebrum: For higher cognitive functions, sensory perception, and motor activities.
  • Thalamus: Relays sensory and motor signals in the cerebral cortex.
  • Hypothalamus: Controls homeostasis.
  • Limbic System: Governs emotions, memory, and motivation.

Midbrain

  • Acts as a relay station between sensory input and motor output.
  • Contains structures like the tectum and tegmentum.

Hindbrain

  • Also known as rhombencephalon.
  • Controls fine motor coordination, balance, and posture (cerebellum).
  • Involved in regulating breathing and heart rate (medulla oblongata).

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves that perform specialized functions, such as controlling eye movement and other bodily functions.

Spinal Cord

  • Responsible for conveying messages between the brain and peripheral nerves, coordinating voluntary and involuntary responses.
  • Serves as a communication highway between the brain and the body.

Functions of the Nervous System

  • Signal Transmission
  • Reflex Actions
  • Independently
  • Responses
  • Most reflexes does not reach the brain

Anatomy of the Nervous System

  • Gray Matter -Butterfly-shaped -Contains neuron cell bodies
  • White Matter -Outer region -Composed of myelinated axons -Conducts signals
  • Spinal Nerves -Paired nerves -Emerged from the spinal cord -Motor and sensory functions

Neurons

  • Are position in your body
  • Communicate through axons and dendrites

Types of Neurons

  • Unipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar
  • Pseudounipolar

Synaptic Transmission

  • The process whereby neurons communication with one another and with effectors such as muscles and glands.
  • Electrical and chemical process.

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