Nervous System Overview

<p>Parasympathetic division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerves and ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They open in response to a change in voltage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na⁺) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium channels inactivate and potassium channels open. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pump sodium out and potassium in. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows more sodium channels to open as more sodium enters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular proteins with a net negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltage change detected by channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for more complex tasks and adaptability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged neural inefficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent heat stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has specialized ganglia for local processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less effective brain function over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes specialized ganglia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced ability to process and respond to stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment of motor skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium ions entering the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It resets and is ready for the next action potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of neurotransmitters to specific receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To diffuse across and bind to receptors on the next neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause the voltage to drop below resting level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium ions enter, vesicles fuse, neurotransmitters bind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By propagating signals until they reach a final destination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They initiate a new electrical cycle in the next neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause alterations in enzyme activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in following migration routes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It disrupts their neural processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to locate food or nesting areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to significant reduction in learning and memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectothermic animals like reptiles and amphibians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple neural plasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes higher temperatures that can overwhelm natural thermoregulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced coordination and movement patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thriving in environments where other species struggle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in finding suitable habitats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An area with low oxygen levels where most marine life cannot survive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for integration and decision-making in the body.

Nerves and ganglia, facilitating communication between the CNS and other parts of the body.

Contains the nucleus, directing the neuron's metabolic activities and protein production.

Part of the nervous system that helps you relax after a stressful situation.

The nervous system is structured with cell bodies, dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths and axon terminals.

The second signaling process in a neuron, triggered by ionic influx, and is a self-propagating signal.

Voltage-gated channels that open in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing sodium ions to flow into the neuron.

Differences in ion concentration across the neuron's membrane, crucial for generating/conducting signals.

A crucial pump that maintains ion gradients by actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions in.

The state of a neuron when it's not transmitting a signal, maintaining the voltage difference.

A chain reaction where opening more sodium channels triggers more channels to open, accelerating the action potential.

The process where the neuron resets its state for the next signal.

Channels that open or close depending on the electrical voltage across the membrane.

The process of communication between two neurons where a signal is passed across the synaptic cleft.

Calcium ions entering the axon terminal cause vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers, binding to receptors on the next neuron and triggering a new electrical signal.

The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, making it less likely for an action potential to occur.

The membrane potential becomes more positive, making it more likely for an action potential to occur.

The membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization.

The nervous system of arthropods, characterized by a ventral nerve cord with specialized ganglia for local processing.

A nervous system with highly developed ganglia, allowing for more complex processing and decision-making.

The gradual development of the nervous system over time, becoming more sophisticated for better adaptation and survival.

The negative impacts of elevated temperatures on the nervous system, leading to impairment in cognitive functions and motor skills.

Long-term exposure to high temperatures causing persistent impairment in brain function.

Prolonged heat exposure can lead to lasting damage to cognitive functions, motor skills, and overall brain efficiency.

A state where brain function becomes less effective over time due to chronic heat exposure.

Reduced ability to make sound judgments and choices due to compromised brain function.

Enzymes involved in synaptic activity and neural processes are highly affected by temperature. Shifts in temperature alter enzyme activity, impacting signal transmission and neural function.

Animals that rely on external temperatures to regulate their body heat (e.g., reptiles, amphibians, fish). Extreme heat disrupts enzyme activity, impairing neural processes.

Many animals use temperature cues for navigation (e.g., temperature gradients). Extreme temperatures can interfere with these cues, leading to disorientation, difficulty following migration routes, and inability to find food or nesting areas.

Learning and memory can be significantly reduced under thermal stress. Extreme temperatures affect the brain's ability to process stimuli, reducing reaction time and coordination, impacting the animal's ability to respond.

Maintaining body temperature becomes less effective in extreme conditions. Animals may become unable to maintain optimal body temperature, impairing metabolism.

Even simple organisms like jellyfish display neural plasticity. They adjust their behavior in response to changes in temperature.

Cephalopods, like octopuses and squids, have advanced neural capabilities that allow them to adapt to changing environments, even those with low oxygen levels.

Warmer waters and low oxygen levels caused by climate change can disrupt a cephalopod's ability to navigate and find suitable habitats, leading to disorientation and potential decline in survival rates.

Cephalopods have neural plasticity, which allows them to modify their brains and behaviors in response to environmental changes, helping them survive in harsh conditions.

Cephalopods can thrive in oxygen-depleted areas, often called "dead zones," where other species struggle.

Warmer waters and low oxygen can affect cephalopod coordination and movement, making it harder for them to swim and feed effectively.