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Questions and Answers
What is the outermost layer that surrounds the entire peripheral nerve called?
What is the outermost layer that surrounds the entire peripheral nerve called?
Which structure is responsible for myelination of peripheral axons?
Which structure is responsible for myelination of peripheral axons?
What does the perineurium surround?
What does the perineurium surround?
Which of the following structures is not part of the connective tissue layers surrounding peripheral nerves?
Which of the following structures is not part of the connective tissue layers surrounding peripheral nerves?
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What is the primary function of the spinal cord as mentioned?
What is the primary function of the spinal cord as mentioned?
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What is contained within the central canal of the spinal cord?
What is contained within the central canal of the spinal cord?
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Which type of cells primarily constitute the gray matter in the spinal cord?
Which type of cells primarily constitute the gray matter in the spinal cord?
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Where is white matter located in the spinal cord?
Where is white matter located in the spinal cord?
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What organizes the somas in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
What organizes the somas in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the spinal cord's gray matter anatomy?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the spinal cord's gray matter anatomy?
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What is the primary function of the dorsal root in the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the dorsal root in the spinal cord?
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Which of the following descriptions is true about axons in the spinal cord?
Which of the following descriptions is true about axons in the spinal cord?
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What separates the anterior and posterior areas of the spinal cord?
What separates the anterior and posterior areas of the spinal cord?
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What is the primary function of the spinal meninges?
What is the primary function of the spinal meninges?
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At which vertebral levels does the spinal cord typically end?
At which vertebral levels does the spinal cord typically end?
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Which layer of the spinal meninges is closest to the spinal cord?
Which layer of the spinal meninges is closest to the spinal cord?
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What separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater?
What separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater?
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Which component of the spinal meninges stabilizes the spinal cord within the vertebral canal?
Which component of the spinal meninges stabilizes the spinal cord within the vertebral canal?
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What is contained within the subarachnoid space?
What is contained within the subarachnoid space?
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What anchors the spinal cord laterally to the inner surface of the vertebral canal?
What anchors the spinal cord laterally to the inner surface of the vertebral canal?
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What role does the arachnoid mater play in the central nervous system?
What role does the arachnoid mater play in the central nervous system?
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What is the function of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?
What is the function of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?
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What structure is formed by the spinal nerves after the conus medullaris?
What structure is formed by the spinal nerves after the conus medullaris?
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Which spinal nerves are responsible for innervating the upper limb?
Which spinal nerves are responsible for innervating the upper limb?
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Where is the filum terminale located?
Where is the filum terminale located?
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Which structure contains the roots of spinal nerves L1 to S5?
Which structure contains the roots of spinal nerves L1 to S5?
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What does the term 'coccygeal nerve' refer to in the spinal anatomy?
What does the term 'coccygeal nerve' refer to in the spinal anatomy?
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How many spinal segments are present in the human spinal cord?
How many spinal segments are present in the human spinal cord?
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Which of the following spinal cord regions is responsible for the lumbosacral enlargement?
Which of the following spinal cord regions is responsible for the lumbosacral enlargement?
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What is the function of the ventral root in spinal anatomy?
What is the function of the ventral root in spinal anatomy?
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What is the first step in the stretch reflex process?
What is the first step in the stretch reflex process?
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Which component is activated immediately after a sensory neuron in the stretch reflex arc?
Which component is activated immediately after a sensory neuron in the stretch reflex arc?
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What results from the contraction of the muscle in the stretch reflex response?
What results from the contraction of the muscle in the stretch reflex response?
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In the context of the stretch reflex, what role do muscle spindles play?
In the context of the stretch reflex, what role do muscle spindles play?
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How is the sensory neuron activated during the stretch reflex?
How is the sensory neuron activated during the stretch reflex?
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Which step follows the processing of information in the spinal cord during the stretch reflex?
Which step follows the processing of information in the spinal cord during the stretch reflex?
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What does the stretch reflex primarily enable?
What does the stretch reflex primarily enable?
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In the stretch reflex diagram, which component directly connects sensory neurons to motor neurons?
In the stretch reflex diagram, which component directly connects sensory neurons to motor neurons?
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What are the three main columns of white matter in the spinal cord?
What are the three main columns of white matter in the spinal cord?
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Which function is associated with the posterior white column?
Which function is associated with the posterior white column?
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What type of fibers do the ventral root of the spinal nerve contain?
What type of fibers do the ventral root of the spinal nerve contain?
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Which ramus serves muscle groups of the back?
Which ramus serves muscle groups of the back?
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What type of commands do somatic motor pathways convey?
What type of commands do somatic motor pathways convey?
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Which of the following nerves emerges from the brachial plexus?
Which of the following nerves emerges from the brachial plexus?
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Which spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus?
Which spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus?
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Which is NOT a function of the lateral white column?
Which is NOT a function of the lateral white column?
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In which region of the spinal cord would you find the sciatic nerve?
In which region of the spinal cord would you find the sciatic nerve?
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What type of information is transmitted by the somatic sensory pathways?
What type of information is transmitted by the somatic sensory pathways?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the human body?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the human body?
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What is the primary role of the gray ramus?
What is the primary role of the gray ramus?
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Which type of sensory receptor is associated with exteroceptors?
Which type of sensory receptor is associated with exteroceptors?
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Which option correctly identifies the structure connecting spinal nerve roots?
Which option correctly identifies the structure connecting spinal nerve roots?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Lecture 5
- The nervous system controls and adjusts bodily activity and provides swift, brief responses
- The nervous system includes the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input and motor output. It's the center of intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions
- The PNS consists of all peripheral nerves and nervous tissue outside the CNS. It conveys sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands away from the CNS
- The PNS comprises two divisions:
- Afferent: brings sensory information to the CNS from sensory receptors such as muscles and glands
- Efferent: carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands
Neural Tissue
- Composed of two types of cells:
- Neurons: responsible for transferring and processing information in the nervous system; consisting of a soma, axon, and dendrites
- Neuroglia: supporting cells that protect neurons.
- Neuroglia also provides framework and maintains the intercellular environment. This includes acting as phagocytes (immune cells) and having the ability to reproduce
Neuron Structure
- Dendrites: receive stimuli from other neurons or the environment
- Cell body: contains the nucleus and other organelles
- Axon: carries nerve impulses toward other neurons or effector organs
- Axon hillock: junction between cell body and axon
- Terminal boutons: end of axon branches that transmit signals to other neurons or effectors
- Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that carry signals across synapses
Nissl Bodies
- Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes
Types of Neurons
- Anaxonic neurons: have more than two processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites
- Bipolar neurons: have two processes separated by the cell body
- Pseudounipolar neurons: a single elongate process with the cell body situated to one side
- Multipolar neurons: have a single axon and multiple dendrites
Synapses
- Site of intercellular communication
- Three types of synapses:
- Synapses with another neuron
- Neuromuscular synapses
- Neuroglandular synapses
Multiple Synapses
- Terminal boutons of multiple neurons are distributed to numberous cells.
Neuronal Circuit Organization
- Divergence: spreading of stimulation to multiple neurons
- Convergence: input to a single neuron from multiple sources
- Serial processing; sequential processing of information
- Parallel processing: information processed simultaneously
- Reverberation: feedback mechanism; may be excitatory or inhibitory
Neuroglia of the CNS
- Astrocytes: maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved-gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, from scar tissue after injury
- Oligodendrocytes: myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework
- Microglia: remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
- Ependymal: line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
Neuroglia of the PNS
- Satellite cells: regulate the exchange of material between the cell body and the environment
- Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): form a myelin sheath that surrounds every peripheral axon.
White Matter and Grey Matter
- White matter: myelinated axons
- Gray matter: cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Spinal Cord
- Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
- Processes some sensory information to allow reflex actions (motor actions)
- Composed of 31 spinal segments (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal regions)
- Consists of dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots, ventral roots, and spinal nerves
Spinal Meninges
- Specialized membranes that protect, provide physical stability, and absorb shock
- Continuous with the cranial meninges
- Anchored by denticulate ligaments
Additional details about the Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord extends from the brain to the first lumbar vertebrae
- The spinal cord contains tracts of white matter which conveys sensory & motor information
- Sensory information will ascend while motor information will descend
- The spinal cord is segmented and the segments are interconnected and form specific nerves
- The spinal cord is protected by meninges, which are layers of protective tissue that surround the spinal cord. These meninges help to cushion and protect the spinal cord from injury, in addition to provide the supporting framework and physical stability of the spinal cord.
Reflexes
- Reflex: immediate, involuntary motor response
- Reflex arc: neural "wiring" of a single reflex; begins at a sensory receptor and ends at peripheral receptor
- Pathway of a reflex arc:
- Activation of a sensory receptor
- Relay of information to the CNS
- Information processing
- Activation of a motor neuron
- Response by effectors
- Spinal reflexes: e.g., stretch reflex (stimulus stretches a muscle, activates sensory neuron, information in the spinal cord, motor neurons become active, muscle contracts)
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the nervous system in this quiz, focusing on the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Learn about the roles and types of neural tissue and how sensory and motor signals are processed. This quiz will test your understanding of the foundational concepts covered in Lecture 5.
