Nervous System II: Brain and Cranial Nerves
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Questions and Answers

The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

True (A)

Which of the following structures is responsible for nourishing the brain and spinal cord?

  • Venous sinus
  • Pia mater (correct)
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Arachnoid mater

    • The __________ are finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater that absorb cerebrospinal fluid.

    arachnoid villi

    What is the primary function of the subarachnoid space?

    <p>Cushions the brain and spinal cord, and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Pia mater = Nourishes the brain and spinal cord Arachnoid villi = Absorbs CSF into the bloodstream Subarachnoid space = Cushions the brain and spinal cord Venous sinus = Drains blood and CSF from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these brain structures is responsible for separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

    <p>central cerebral sulcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pre-central gyrus is located behind the central sulcus.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the groove that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

    <p>transverse fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is located just behind the central sulcus.

    <p>post-central gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>central cerebral sulcus = A deep groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. lateral cerebral sulcus = A prominent groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. parieto-occipital sulcus = A groove that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe. pre-central gyrus = Located just in front of the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe. post-central gyrus = Located just behind the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lateral ventricles?

    <p>To produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The septum pellucidum has a significant functional role in the brain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two large cavities located in each hemisphere of the brain called?

    <p>lateral ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small hole that connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle is called the __________.

    <p>interventricular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Lateral ventricles = Two large cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid Septum pellucidum = Thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles Cerebrospinal fluid = Cushions and nourishes the brain Interventricular foramen = Connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery provides blood to the occipital lobe and parts of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Posterior cerebral artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basilar artery is formed by the branching of the two internal carotid arteries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>To allow blood to be rerouted and maintain blood supply to the brain in case of artery blockage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two ________ arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and travel up the neck through the vertebrae.

    <p>vertebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Lateral ventricles = One in each hemisphere of the brain Third ventricle = Located between the two halves of the thalamus Fourth ventricle = Located between the brainstem and the cerebellum Gyrus = Raised, ridge-like area of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pia Mater

    The innermost layer close to the brain and spinal cord, providing nourishment.

    Arachnoid Granulations

    Finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater that absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Subarachnoid Space

    The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    Fluid in the subarachnoid space that cushions the brain and spinal cord, and circulates nutrients.

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    Venous Sinus

    Channels in the dura mater that collect blood from the brain and drain it back to the bloodstream.

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    Central cerebral sulcus

    A deep groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

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    Lateral cerebral sulcus

    A prominent groove that separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe.

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    Parieto-occipital sulcus

    A groove that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

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    Pre-central gyrus

    Located just in front of the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe.

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    Post-central gyrus

    Located just behind the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe.

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    Posterior Cerebral Arteries

    Arteries that supply blood to the occipital and parts of the temporal lobe.

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    Basilar Artery

    Artery formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries, running along the brainstem.

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    Vertebral Arteries

    Paired arteries that arise from the subclavian arteries and travel up the neck.

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    Redundancy in Blood Supply

    Alternate pathways provided by the Circle of Willis to supply blood if arteries are blocked.

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    Gyrus and Sulcus

    Gyrus: raised area; Sulcus: shallow groove on the brain's surface.

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    Lateral ventricles

    Two large, C-shaped cavities in each brain hemisphere filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Septum pellucidum

    A thin membrane that separates the two lateral ventricles.

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    Function of lateral ventricles

    To produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid that cushions and nourishes the brain.

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    Interventricular foramen

    A small hole connecting the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.

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    Study Notes

    Nervous System II: Brain and Cranial Nerves

    • Learning Objectives: Students should be able to identify basic brain structures, understand their functions, assess cerebral and cerebellar function, name and identify cranial nerves, and evaluate cranial nerve function.

    I The Brain

    • Function: Receives, integrates sensory stimuli, coordinates responses, and manages intelligence, emotions, complex thinking, and memory formation.
    • Structure: Composed of the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem. These structures are interconnected and build upon each other.
    • Meninges: The pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater protect the brain.
    • Dura Mater: A two-layered membrane that holds venous sinuses. These sinuses drain blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins. The dura mater has extensions that separate brain structures, eg. the falx cerebri. An important consideration is that there is no epidural space between the dura matter and the skull bones.
    • Arachnoid Mater: A thin, web-like layer that encloses and holds CSF in place. It has arachnoid granulations/villi which connect to the venous sinuses. CSF is reabsorbed into the circulatory system through these granulations.

    Part B: Major Brain Structures

    • Cerebrum: The most advanced part of the brain in humans and primates. It's divided into two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere contains four lobes – frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
    • Cerebral Hemispheres: Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. The left hemisphere is responsible primarily for language, logic, and analytical thought, while the right hemisphere manages spatial reasoning, creativity, and intuition.
    • Lobes: The frontal lobe controls decision-making, planning, and motor activity; the parietal lobe processes sensory information; the temporal lobe engages in auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension; and the occipital lobe focuses on vision.
    • Sulci and Fissures: Prominent folds and grooves in the brain tissue (sulci and fissures). The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes, while the longitudinal cerebral fissure divides the two cerebral hemispheres.

    Part C: The Ventricles

    • Ventricles: Cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The two lateral ventricles are enclosed in the cerebral hemispheres and separated anteriorly by the septum pellucidum.
    • Third Ventricle: Located in the diencephalon (thalamus region).
    • Fourth Ventricle: Between the brainstem and cerebellum.
    • Choroid Plexuses: Networks of blood capillaries in the ventricles, lined with ependymal cells that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
    • Functions of CSF: Cushioning and protection of the brain and spinal cord, nutrient and waste removal, and maintaining brain buoyancy.

    Part D: Blood Supply to the Brain

    • Arteries: The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain, connecting to the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis). This redundancy is important to maintain adequate blood supply to the brain.
    • Venous Sinuses: Venous blood circulates through venous sinuses between dura mater layers, flowing into the internal jugular veins.

    III Cranial Nerves

    • Function: Transmitting impulses to and from various parts of the body (eye muscles, nerves, glands, etc).
    • Location: Twelve pairs of cranial nerves originate in the brain or brainstem.
    • Types: Each nerve can be sensory, motor, or mixed.
    • Examples: Eye movements, face sensations, swallowing, and tongue movement.

    Cranial Nerve Testing Procedures

    • Specific tests for each cranial nerve are described to assess functions in the brain and spinal cord.

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    Lab 12 Nervous System II: Brain and Cranial Nerves PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential structures and functions of the brain along with the cranial nerves. Students will learn to identify the brain's components, understand their roles, and evaluate cranial nerve function. It is designed to reinforce knowledge and assess comprehension of neurological concepts.

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