Nervous System I

<p>Higher frequency corresponds to stronger stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause inhibition of dopamine reuptake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermo receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes retinal that interacts with proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates pain-stimulating neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher temperatures lead to a higher frequency of action potentials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They close as rhodopsin becomes active. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To degrade cyclic GMP and close ion channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloride and potassium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal changes shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide night vision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone, FSH, LH, Endorphins, and ACTH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased basal metabolic rate and heat production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowers blood calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Based on the levels of T3 and T4 in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communication from thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To raise blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of more hormones and potential complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid soluble hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to specific membrane surface receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct entry into the nucleus to activate gene expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates coupling proteins to initiate a signal transduction cascade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A specific cellular receptor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of acetylcholine to muscle cell receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic AMP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hormone binding to a transmembrane receptor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stores calcium and releases it to trigger contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced availability of acetylcholine receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By directly interacting with DNA to activate gene expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased neurotransmitter release due to weakened presynaptic calcium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to continuous muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic terminals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscles can contract strongly and rapidly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To engulf and degrade bacteria and dead cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humoral immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of a specific antigen to its corresponding antibody (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They tag antigens for engulfment by macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They express antibodies on their surface to identify antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It clones itself to create memory B-cells and plasma cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells can directly destroy infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stimulus with a higher rate of action potentials per unit time.

Chemicals that decrease the likelihood of a nerve impulse creating a negative change in the membrane potential.

The mammalian eye's ability to increase the response to light through a signal transduction cascade.

Two primary inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain which hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane.

A temporary hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane. It makes the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential.

Light-sensitive photoreceptor cells in the retina specialized for low-light vision (black and white).

Sedatives increase the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters.

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that detect color.

Ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane that open or close in response to a specific neurotransmitter.

A light-sensitive membrane protein in rod cells, composed of opsin and retinal.

The light-absorbing part of rhodopsin, a prosthetic group for a photon, which converts the receptor protein from inactive state to active state.

A graded potential in sensory neurons that are triggered by a stimulus.

Neurons in the brain process information encoded through the rate at which action potentials occur.

A series of intracellular events triggered by light absorption, amplifying the initial light signal.

A decrease in membrane potential in a cell, caused by light, resulting in receptor activation, in photoreceptors.

A chemical that stimulates pain receptors (thermo and pain related receptors).

Hormones that can pass through cell membranes and directly affect the nucleus.

The process of a hormone's message being carried into the cell and ultimately changing cell behavior.

Hormones that bind to membrane receptors and trigger a cascade of intracellular events.

Proteins on the cell membrane that bind to water-soluble hormones to initiate a response.

Molecules activated within the cell by a hormone-receptor interaction, creating internal signaling.

A protein that acts as an intermediary between the hormone-receptor complex and an enzyme that produces a second messenger.

An enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins, changing their activity.

The process where a gene's instruction are used to create a protein.

Change in electrical charge across a muscle cell membrane, causing muscle contraction initiation.

Where nerve and muscle meet; initiates muscle contraction.

Muscle cell's electrical signal spreading along the fiber.

Muscle structure that stores calcium, crucial for contraction.

Tunnel-like structures in muscle cells allowing action potentials to reach myofibrils.

Neuromuscular disease affecting acetylcholine receptors, causing weak muscle contractions.

Motor neuron degeneration causing muscle weakness and loss of function.

Neuromuscular disorder affecting presynaptic calcium channels, reducing neurotransmitter release.

Calcium influx triggers calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Neurotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine release, causing muscle paralysis.

Engulfs and degrades bacteria and dead cells, including antibody-coated and non-antibody-coated cells.

A specific immune response that is adapted to target a particular invader; it is slower initially but becomes faster with subsequent exposures due to memory.

The antibody response where B cells produce antibodies that target and neutralize free bacteria and viruses.

T cell response. Specialized T cells destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses.

A foreign molecule, such as a protein or polysaccharide, that triggers an antibody response.

A protein that targets and binds to an antigen, marking it for destruction and complement activation.

There are millions of B-cells producing unique. antibodies, ready to recognize diverse antigens. Activated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells that release antibodies and memory B-cells for faster future response

Cytotoxic T-cells identify and destroy cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses.

The anterior pituitary stores growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), endorphins, enkephalins (natural opiates), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from tyrosine, crucial for basal metabolic rate.

Increased T3 and T4 lead to higher blood pressure, body temperature, and weight loss by boosting metabolism.

Calcitonin, a thyroid hormone, lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium absorption and reabsorption.

Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones and absorption by intestines and kidneys.

TRH, released by the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

TSH, released by the anterior pituitary, prompts the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4.

High levels of T3 and T4 signal the hypothalamus to reduce TSH release, maintaining homeostasis.