Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
- To facilitate rapid communication and control throughout the body (correct)
- To produce hormones that regulate growth and metabolism
- To regulate body temperature through sweat glands
- To filter waste products from the blood
Sensory information is processed and interpreted by the nervous system to determine an appropriate response. What is this function known as?
Sensory information is processed and interpreted by the nervous system to determine an appropriate response. What is this function known as?
- Motor output
- Sensation
- Reaction
- Integration (correct)
The activation of muscles or glands through the release of neurotransmitters refers to which function of the nervous system?
The activation of muscles or glands through the release of neurotransmitters refers to which function of the nervous system?
- Reaction (correct)
- Sensation
- Stimuli
- Integration
Which of the following characteristics is associated with neurons?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with neurons?
What is the main function of neuroglia?
What is the main function of neuroglia?
What is the key difference between a nerve and a neuron regarding signal transmission?
What is the key difference between a nerve and a neuron regarding signal transmission?
In the functional classification of neurons, what type of neuron carries information from receptors to the central nervous system?
In the functional classification of neurons, what type of neuron carries information from receptors to the central nervous system?
Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as:
Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as:
Which description accurately characterizes gray matter?
Which description accurately characterizes gray matter?
Where is white matter generally located in the brain compared to the spinal cord?
Where is white matter generally located in the brain compared to the spinal cord?
What connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual axons within a nerve?
What connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual axons within a nerve?
What is the role of the perineurium in the structure of a nerve?
What is the role of the perineurium in the structure of a nerve?
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of which of the following components?
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of which of the following components?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main characteristic of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main characteristic of the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following is a component of the forebrain?
Which of the following is a component of the forebrain?
Which of the following brain regions is part of the hindbrain?
Which of the following brain regions is part of the hindbrain?
Which of the following is a component of the diencephalon?
Which of the following is a component of the diencephalon?
A patient has damage to the medulla oblongata following a traumatic injury. What function is most likely to be affected?
A patient has damage to the medulla oblongata following a traumatic injury. What function is most likely to be affected?
If a person has difficulties with balance and coordinated movements, which part of the brain is most likely affected?
If a person has difficulties with balance and coordinated movements, which part of the brain is most likely affected?
Flashcards
Nervous System
Nervous System
A network of billions of nerve cells linked together in a highly organized fashion to form the rapid control center of the body.
Sensation
Sensation
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. These changes are known as stimuli.
Integration
Integration
The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response.
Reaction
Reaction
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Neurons
Neurons
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Neuroglia
Neuroglia
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Nerve
Nerve
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Neuron function
Neuron function
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White Matter
White Matter
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Gray Matter
Gray Matter
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Nerves
Nerves
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Tracts
Tracts
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Ganglion
Ganglion
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Nerve
Nerve
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Endoneurium
Endoneurium
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Perineurium
Perineurium
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Epineurium
Epineurium
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Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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Study Notes
- Nervous system comprised of billions of nerve cells
- These cells are organized to form the body's rapid control center
Basic Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensation monitors changes and events inside/outside the body
- Stimuli refers to these changes
- Receptors are the cells that monitor the changes
- Integration is the parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information
- Integration determines the appropriate response
- Reaction is the motor output
- Reaction activates muscles/glands via neurotransmitter release
Nervous Tissue
- Consists of highly cellular structures with two cell types
- Neurons are functional, signal conducting cells that do not divide
- Neurons have a long life and high metabolic activity
- Neurons are electrically excitable
- Neuroglia supports, nourishes, and protects neurons
- Neuroglia cells divide and greatly outnumber neurons
- There are 6 types of supporting cells
- Four support cells are found in the CNS, and two reside in the PNS
- Nerve is a bundle of neurons carrying multiple signals
- Neuron transmits electrical impulses
Functional Classification of Neurons
- Sensory neurons carry afferent transmission
- Association neurons (interneurons) are also present
- Motor neurons conduct efferent transmission
White and Gray Matter
- White matter contains aggregations of myelinated/unmyelinated axons
- Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia
- Nerves are bundles of processes in the PNS
- Tracts are bundles of processes in the CNS
- Ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
- Nucleus is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS surrounded by white matter
- Cortex is a cluster of nerve cell bodies not surrounded by white matter
- White matter in spinal cord is on the outside; in the brain, it's on the inside
- Gray matter in spinal cord is inside; in brain, it's outside
- White matter has myelinated and unmyelinated axons; has cell bodies but not neuronal
- Gray matter has myelinated and unmyelinated axons, containing neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
- A bundle of processes in PNS is a nerve
- Within a nerve, an axon is surrounded by endoneurium
- Groups of fibers bound into bundles (fascicles) by perineurium
- All nerve fascicles are enclosed by epineurium
Organization of the Nervous System
- Anatomical divisions include: central and peripheral nervous systems
- Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord
- Is the center of integration and control
- Peripheral Nervous System: nervous system outside brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System consists of 31 spinal nerve pairs and 12 cranial nerve pairs
- Spinal and cranial nerves carry info to/from brain and spinal cord
- Spinal nerves have two roots
- Ventral and dorsal
Brain Regions
- Forebrain (Prosencephalon) consists of the cerebrum (telencephalon) and diencephalon
- The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
- Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
- Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
- Brain stem equals midbrain plus hindbrain minus cerebellum
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