Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function associated with the prevertebral ganglia?
What is the function associated with the prevertebral ganglia?
Which system is primarily involved in urination functions?
Which system is primarily involved in urination functions?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic system?
Which ganglia are implicated in the control of sexual arousal?
Which ganglia are implicated in the control of sexual arousal?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function does the adrenal medulla primarily influence?
Which function does the adrenal medulla primarily influence?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological change occurs as a result of increased blood glucose during stress?
What physiological change occurs as a result of increased blood glucose during stress?
Signup and view all the answers
How does prolonged stress impact cardiovascular health?
How does prolonged stress impact cardiovascular health?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do endocrine hormones play during stress responses?
What role do endocrine hormones play during stress responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which change occurs in the distribution of blood flow during stress responses?
Which change occurs in the distribution of blood flow during stress responses?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does exercise have on the stress response?
What effect does exercise have on the stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological function does the pulmonary aspect of the autonomic plexus support?
Which physiological function does the pulmonary aspect of the autonomic plexus support?
Signup and view all the answers
What cardiovascular effect occurs due to stress-induced higher blood pressure?
What cardiovascular effect occurs due to stress-induced higher blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can be considered a negative effect of prolonged stress on the body?
Which of the following can be considered a negative effect of prolonged stress on the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary neurotransmitter released at cholinergic synapses in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released at cholinergic synapses in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic pathway?
Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cranial nerve is involved in controlling the iris?
Which cranial nerve is involved in controlling the iris?
Signup and view all the answers
Which receptor type is activated by acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which receptor type is activated by acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of gray rami communicates in the sympathetic pathways?
What is the role of gray rami communicates in the sympathetic pathways?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ganglia are categorized as prevertebral ganglia?
Which ganglia are categorized as prevertebral ganglia?
Signup and view all the answers
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system originate mainly from which parts of the CNS?
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system originate mainly from which parts of the CNS?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of receptors do adrenergic receptors bind to?
What type of receptors do adrenergic receptors bind to?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes postganglionic synapses in the autonomic nervous system?
What characterizes postganglionic synapses in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ganglion is associated with saliva production from parotid glands?
Which ganglion is associated with saliva production from parotid glands?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological state is commonly associated with sympathetic activation?
What physiological state is commonly associated with sympathetic activation?
Signup and view all the answers
What do the pelvic splanchnic nerves primarily innervate?
What do the pelvic splanchnic nerves primarily innervate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for parasympathetic responses?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for parasympathetic responses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of α2-adrenergic receptors?
What is the primary role of α2-adrenergic receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are β1-adrenergic receptors primarily located?
Where are β1-adrenergic receptors primarily located?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following effects is associated with β1-adrenergic receptors?
Which of the following effects is associated with β1-adrenergic receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the functions of β2-adrenergic receptors?
What is one of the functions of β2-adrenergic receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Where can β2-adrenergic receptors be found?
Where can β2-adrenergic receptors be found?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological response is primarily mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs?
What physiological response is primarily mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which receptor type promotes blood clotting?
Which receptor type promotes blood clotting?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of β1 receptor stimulation on renal function?
What is the effect of β1 receptor stimulation on renal function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a location where β2-adrenergic receptors are found?
Which of the following is NOT a location where β2-adrenergic receptors are found?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological effect is linked to α2-adrenergic receptor activation?
Which physiological effect is linked to α2-adrenergic receptor activation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main activity of β2-adrenergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the main activity of β2-adrenergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do β2-adrenergic receptors play in the uterus?
What role do β2-adrenergic receptors play in the uterus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adrenergic receptor is primarily responsible for causing vasodilation?
Which adrenergic receptor is primarily responsible for causing vasodilation?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors have on blood vessels?
What effect does stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors have on blood vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What primary function is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
What primary function is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used at the synapse between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used at the synapse between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blood flow during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
What happens to blood flow during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the spinal cord houses the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which part of the spinal cord houses the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on pupil size?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on pupil size?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla due to sympathetic nervous system activation?
Which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla due to sympathetic nervous system activation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the parasympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the system described by the locations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons?
What is the term for the system described by the locations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological changes are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system?
What physiological changes are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which structure is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect sweating?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect sweating?
Signup and view all the answers
During sympathetic activation, which of the following occurs?
During sympathetic activation, which of the following occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which rami communicantes are responsible for connecting the preganglionic neurons to the sympathetic chain ganglia?
Which rami communicantes are responsible for connecting the preganglionic neurons to the sympathetic chain ganglia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Divisions of the Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Most organs receive dual innervation from both divisions
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Associated with the "fight-or-flight" response
- This system is active when the body is stressed or under a threat
- Increases oxygen delivered to skeletal muscle
- Increases sweating
- Blood is shifted away from the digestive system and toward skeletal muscle
- Pupils dilate
- The brain becomes more alert
Sympathetic Pathways
- Preganglionic cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
- Referred to as the thoracolumbar system
Sympathetic Ganglia
- Synapse with postganglionic neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain
- 23 ganglia located next to the vertebral column
- Short preganglionic axons project through white rami communicantes and can synapse:
- At the ganglion at the same level
- At a more superior or inferior ganglion
- At prevertebral ganglia
- At the adrenal medulla
Neurotransmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous System
- Acetylcholine (ACh) is used at the synapse of the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
- Norepinephrine is released by postganglionic neurons onto target cells
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation of Hormone Release
- Activation of the sympathetic nervous system can cause hormone release in the adrenal medulla
- Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are released
- Preganglionic axons terminate in the adrenal medulla
- No ganglion involved
- Postganglionic neurons release hormones directly into the blood
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Associated with the "rest and digest" response
- Controls activities such as salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, digestion, and sexual arousal
- Active when the body is not stressed or under a threat
- Preganglionic cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
- Referred to as the craniosacral system
Sympathetic Pathways
- Sympathetic pathways use the thoracolumbar system, meaning preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
- Long preganglionic axons project to target effector through the gray rami communicantes.
- Sympathetic pathways use acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter at preganglionic synapses and norepinephrine (NE) at postganglionic synapses.
- The “fight or flight” response is associated with sympathetic activity, activating the body for stress or emergency situations.
Parasympathetic Pathways
- Parasympathetic pathways use a craniosacral system, meaning preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.
- Long preganglionic axons project to the effector through cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
- Parasympathetic pathways use acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter at both preganglionic and postganglionic synapses.
- The “rest and digest” response is associated with parasympathetic activity, promoting relaxation and bodily maintenance functions.
Collateral Ganglia
- Also known as prevertebral ganglia.
- Located anterior to the vertebral column.
- Includes the celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesenteric ganglion.
Cranial Nerves and Parasympathetic Function
- CN III (Oculomotor Nerve): Preganglionic axons project to the ciliary ganglion; postganglionic neurons control the iris.
- CN VII (Facial Nerve): Preganglionic axons project to the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia, controlling saliva, mucus, and tear production.
- CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve): Preganglionic axons project to the otic nucleus to control saliva production.
- CN X (Vagus Nerve): Carries parasympathetic innervation to organs in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter used in both preganglionic and postganglionic synapses within the parasympathetic nervous system.
Chemical Components of the Autonomic Responses
- Cholinergic synapses utilize acetylcholine (ACh) as the primary neurotransmitter.
- Adrenergic synapses utilize norepinephrine (NE) as the primary neurotransmitter.
Types of Cholinergic Receptors
- Nicotinic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions and in autonomic ganglia. They are chemically-gated ion channels that open in response to ACh binding.
- Muscarinic receptors are found on target organs in the parasympathetic nervous system. They are G-protein coupled receptors, meaning they trigger changes in cell function without directly allowing ions through the membrane.
Varicosities
- Postganglionic synapses in the autonomic nervous system differ from the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
- Synapses in the ANS occur as swellings along the length of postganglionic axons, known as varicosities.
Adrenergic Receptors
- Adrenergic receptors bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine, triggering various responses in target organs.
-
Alpha (α)-adrenergic receptors:
- α1: Located in the skin, GI tract, pelvic organs, and blood vessels, causing contraction of smooth muscle.
- α2: Located in the central nervous system and some peripheral tissues, inhibiting smooth muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release.
-
Beta (β)-adrenergic receptors:
- β1: Located in the heart, increasing heart rate and force of contraction.
- β2: Located in the lungs, relaxing smooth muscle, and in the liver, increasing glucose release.
- β3: Located in adipose tissue, increasing lipolysis.
Alpha (α)-Adrenergic Receptors
- Found in pancreas, platelets, brain, and spinal cord
- Inhibit insulin release
- Promote blood clotting
Beta (β)-Adrenergic Receptors
- β1 - Found in heart and kidney
- Increase heart rate, force of contraction, and secretion of renin
- β2 - Found in blood vessels, lungs, uterus, stomach, and small intestines
- Airway dilation for increased oxygen in blood
- Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles; decreased blood flow to viscera
- Higher blood pressure to increase speed of delivery to brain and muscles
Autonomic Plexuses
- Regulates heart rate and strength of cardiac contraction
- Regulates size of airway in lungs
- Controls movement of food in the esophagus
- Regulates function of abdominal organs
Stress Response
- Prolonged stress has negative effects on the body
- Chronic high blood pressure and diabetes
- Exercise also initiates stress response
- Changes are considered beneficial
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the divisions of the nervous system, particularly the sympathetic nervous system. Explore how it operates during stress and its physiological responses. Understand the pathways and ganglia associated with this crucial system.
