Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex?
What is the afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the corneal reflex?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the corneal reflex?
What is the location of the central lesion in the oculocephalic reflex?
What is the location of the central lesion in the oculocephalic reflex?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the gag reflex?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the gag reflex?
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What is the location of the central lesion in the cough reflex?
What is the location of the central lesion in the cough reflex?
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What is the term for the posturing that indicates hemispheric damage with preservation of motor centers in the upper portion of the brain stem?
What is the term for the posturing that indicates hemispheric damage with preservation of motor centers in the upper portion of the brain stem?
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What is the term for the posturing that indicates structural damage to the upper brain stem motor centers?
What is the term for the posturing that indicates structural damage to the upper brain stem motor centers?
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What is the term for the motor centers in the upper portion of the brain stem that facilitate flexion?
What is the term for the motor centers in the upper portion of the brain stem that facilitate flexion?
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What is the characteristic of sensory trigeminal neuropathy?
What is the characteristic of sensory trigeminal neuropathy?
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What is the diagnostic test for sensory trigeminal neuropathy?
What is the diagnostic test for sensory trigeminal neuropathy?
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What is the characteristic of mental neuropathy?
What is the characteristic of mental neuropathy?
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What is the diagnosis of Gradenigo's syndrome?
What is the diagnosis of Gradenigo's syndrome?
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What is the characteristic of infraorbital neuropathy?
What is the characteristic of infraorbital neuropathy?
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What is the diagnostic test for mental neuropathy?
What is the diagnostic test for mental neuropathy?
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What is the characteristic of Jew Jerk?
What is the characteristic of Jew Jerk?
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What is the characteristic of Gradenigo's syndrome?
What is the characteristic of Gradenigo's syndrome?
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What is a possible cause of a neurological disorder?
What is a possible cause of a neurological disorder?
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What is part of the neurological examination?
What is part of the neurological examination?
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What is a type of problem that can affect the nervous system?
What is a type of problem that can affect the nervous system?
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What is a possible etiology of a neurological disorder?
What is a possible etiology of a neurological disorder?
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What is assessed during the diagnosis of a neurological disease?
What is assessed during the diagnosis of a neurological disease?
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What is part of the neurological examination?
What is part of the neurological examination?
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What is a possible complication of a neurological disorder?
What is a possible complication of a neurological disorder?
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What is a type of neurological disorder?
What is a type of neurological disorder?
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Study Notes
Diagnosing Neurological Disorders
- The symptoms of a nervous system problem depend on which area of the nervous system is involved and what is causing the problem.
- Diagnosis involves:
- Chief complaints and onset
- History of present illness
- Review of patient-specific information (past, systems, family, social history)
- Neurological examination
- Assessment of the cause of the patient's symptoms
- Diagnostic tests
Neurological Examination
- Levels of consciousness
- Mental status examination
- Special cerebral functions
- Cranial nerve function
- Motor function
- Sensory function
- Cerebellar function
- Gait
- Reflexes and tests
Association of Neurological Disorders
- Blood supply problems (vascular disorders)
- Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal cord
- Problems present at birth (congenital)
- Mental health problems, such as anxiety disorders, depression, or psychosis
- Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide, arsenic, or lead
- Problems that cause a gradual loss of function (degenerative)
- Overuse of or withdrawal from prescription and nonprescription medicines, illegal drugs, or alcohol
- Brain tumor (spinal cord, membranes)
- Infection disease
- Other conditions (endocrine disorders complications, electrolyte problems, Vitamin deficiency)
Cranial Nerve Reflexes
- Pupillary light reflex: CN II, CN III, upper midbrain
- Corneal reflex: CN V, CN VII, lower midbrain to upper pons
- Oculocephalic reflex: CN VIII, CN III, IV, VI, upper midbrain to lower pons
- Gag reflex: CN IX, CN X, medulla
- Cough reflex: CN X, CN X, medulla to cervical spinal cord
Motor Examination
- Decorticate posturing: indicates hemispheric damage with preservation of motor centers in the upper brain stem
- Decerebrate posturing: indicates damage to upper brain stem motor centers, which facilitate flexion, and only lower brain stem centers (vestibulospinal tract, reticulospinal tract) are responding to sensory stimuli
Respiratory Patterns
- Helpful in localizing area of CNS dysfunction
CN V Examination
- Corneal reflex
- Masticatory muscle function
- Wasting and thinning of temporalis muscle
- Jaw deviation to the weak side
CN V Disorders/Syndromes
- Sensory trigeminal neuropathy: progressive, painless loss of trigeminal sensation
- Mental neuropathy (numb chin syndrome): caused by a lesion of the mandibular nerve or inferior alveolar or mental branches
- Infraorbital neuropathy (numb cheek syndrome): similar etiology
- Gradenigo's syndrome: lesions located at the petrous-temporal bone apex, causing forehead pain, ipsilateral lateral rectus palsy, and Horner's syndrome
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of diagnosing nervous system problems, including identifying symptoms, anatomical localization, and possible diseases. Learn to connect chief complaints with possible etiologies and anatomical locations.
