Nervous System Components and Functions

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Questions and Answers

What are the main components of the nervous system?

  • Epithelial tissue and dense connective tissue
  • Neuroglia and dense connective tissue
  • Nerve cells (neurons), neuroglia, and loose connective tissue (correct)
  • Nerve cells (neurons) and epithelial tissue

Which of the following accurately describes the main functions of the nervous system?

  • Forming motor output, gathering sensory input, and integrating data (correct)
  • Gathering sensory input, regulating blood pressure, and integrating data
  • Gathering sensory input, regulating body temperature, and forming motor output
  • Integrating data, regulating body temperature, and gathering immune responses

Which structures provide protection to the central nervous system?

  • Skull, meninges, and adipose tissue
  • Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral column
  • Adipose tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral column
  • Skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (correct)

Which of the following describes the location of the subarachnoid space?

<p>Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin and circulation pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Formed by the choroid plexus and circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the functions is associated with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Nourishing the brain and carrying chemical signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are part of the forebrain?

<p>Cerebrum and diencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily forms the corpus callosum?

<p>White matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is responsible for motor function, intellectual function, and personality?

<p>Frontal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

<p>Vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus?

<p>Diencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are included in the brain stem?

<p>Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the medulla oblongata?

<p>Regulating heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordination of movement, control of posture, and equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Lateral ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

<p>Cerebral aqueduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the foramen magnum in relation to the spinal cord?

<p>It allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

<p>31 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anterior root of a spinal nerve?

<p>Motor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Olfactory and optic nerves originate from which part of the brain?

<p>Cerebrum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?

<p>Trigeminal, abducent, and facial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are attached to the medulla oblongata?

<p>Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Increased heart rate and bronchodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a special sense?

<p>Smell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds primarily located?

<p>Tongue mucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are olfactory receptor cells?

<p>Bipolar neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of sensory receptors in the body are dedicated to vision?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sclera?

<p>Protects the eye and anchors extrinsic muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rods and cones, the photoreceptors found in the eye's retina, respond to what?

<p>Light energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure regulates the amount of light entering the eye?

<p>Iris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle ear ossicles transmit vibrations to where?

<p>Cochlea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner ear contains the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. Which of the following fills these structures?

<p>Perilymph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Eustachian tube?

<p>Equalizes air pressure in the middle ear cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner ear functions in:

<p>Hearing and balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organ of smell is the:

<p>Olfactory epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is critical for both protecting the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the likely effect of damage to the blood vessels within the subarachnoid space?

<p>Reduced cushioning and nutrient supply to the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a tumor affecting the choroid plexus impact the central nervous system?

<p>Reduced CSF production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has trauma to the hindbrain, which functions would be most likely affected?

<p>Motor control, balance, and coordination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does damage to the sulci and gyri affect brain function?

<p>It affects cortical surface area and neural processing efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely result of damage to the temporal lobe?

<p>Difficulty understanding language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would damage to the diencephalon affect bodily functions?

<p>It would disrupt sensory relay and homeostasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological consequence of damage to the brain stem?

<p>Difficulty regulating breathing and heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would likely result from damage to the cerebellum?

<p>Difficulty with coordinated movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would blockage of the cerebral aqueduct affect the ventricular system?

<p>Increased CSF in the lateral ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of a spinal cord injury at the lumbar level?

<p>Paralysis of the legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of white and gray matter in the spinal cord contribute to its function?

<p>White matter facilitates rapid communication; gray matter processes information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might damage to the dorsal root of a spinal nerve lead to sensory deficits?

<p>It carries sensory information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely effect of severing the vagus nerve?

<p>Impaired regulation of heart rate and digestion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for 'fight or flight'?

<p>By increasing heart rate and dilating airways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parasympathetic nervous system counteract the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>By slowing heart rate and promoting digestion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the superior nasal concha important for the sense of smell?

<p>It contains the olfactory epithelium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect would damage to the cornea have on vision?

<p>Blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process would be impaired with damage to the ciliary body in the eye?

<p>Focusing on objects at varying distances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person can see in dim light but has difficulty with color vision, which photoreceptors are likely affected?

<p>Cones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining equal air pressure via the Eustachian tube essential for hearing?

<p>It allows accurate vibration of the tympanic membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of damage to the ear ossicles?

<p>Deafness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function would be affected by damage to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

<p>Hearing and Balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fluid inside the cochlea contribute to hearing?

<p>It causes hair cells to move, initiating electrical signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes olfactory receptor cells from most other neurons?

<p>They regenerate regularly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates all activities of the body.

Components of the Nervous System

Nerve cells, neuroglia, and loose connective tissue.

Main Functions of Nervous System

Gathering sensory input, integrating data, and forming motor output.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and parts of receptor organs.

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Protection of the Central Nervous System

Skull, vertebral column, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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Dura Mater

Strong outer layer. Composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers.

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Arachnoid Mater

Contains a loose membrane located in the middle

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Pia Mater

Internal fine fibrous connective tissue layers with many minute blood vessels.

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Subdural Space

Area between arachnoid mater and dura mater.

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Subarachnoid Space

Area between arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with CSF.

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Epidural Space

Area between the dura mater and vertebral wall, containing fat and small blood vessels.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Watery solution similar to blood plasma, formed by the choroid plexus; cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Gives resistance to the central nervous system, protects from trauma, nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals.

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Brain Divisions

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

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Forebrain Components

Cerebrum and Diencephalon.

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Hindbrain Components

Pons, Medulla Oblongata, and Cerebellum.

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain with two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum, with gray matter outer and white matter inner.

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Function of Frontal Lobe

Responsible for motor, intellectual and personality.

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Function of Parietal Lobe

Lobe for sensation.

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Function of Temporal Lobe

Lobe for hearing and memory.

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Function of Occipital Lobe

Lobe for vision.

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Diencephalon Parts

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus.

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Brain Stem

Directly attaches to the brain and spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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Cerebral Aqueduct

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles.

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Functions of Cerebellum

Coordination of movement, control of posture and equilibrium

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Brain Ventricles

Cavities within the cerebrum and brainstem, filled with CSF; right & left lateral ventricles (cerebral hemisphere), 3rd ventricle (diencephalon) ,4th ventricle (brainstem).

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Fourth Ventricle

Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord

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Spinal Cord

Long cylindrical part of lower part of brain present in vertebral canal.

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Spinal Nerve Number

There are 31 pairs

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Spinal Nerve Production

anterior root which is motor and posterior root which is sensory connect together form trunk of the spinal nerve mix

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Function of Olfactory Nerve

Smell (sensory)

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Function of Optic Nerve

Vision

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Function of Oculomotor Nerve

Eye muscles

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Function of Trochlear Nerve

Eye muscles

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Function of Trigeminal Nerve

Facial (sensory) , chewing muscles

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Function of Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Balance and hearing (sensory)

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Function of Vagus Nerve

Sensory and motor neurons that affect sweating, peristalsis, heart rate

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Organ of Smell

The organ of smell is the olfactory epithelium, which covers the superior nasal concha

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The Inner Ear

Balance and motion

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