Nervous System & Autonomic Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which component is NOT part of the nervous system as described?

  • Sensory organs
  • Spinal cord
  • Lungs (correct)
  • Brain

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system when responding to environmental changes?

  • Recognize, Process, Integrate (correct)
  • Perceive, Respond, Maintain
  • Observe, Adapt, Execute
  • Recognize, Analyze, React

Which system is targeted by drugs developed for autonomic pharmacology?

  • Central nervous system only
  • Voluntary nervous system only
  • Peripheral vascular system only
  • Autonomic nervous system (correct)

What does the nervous system do when it recognizes environmental changes?

<p>Processes sensations and feedback. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of muscarinic antagonists when administered to patients with respiratory disorders?

<p>Produce moderate bronchodilation and decreased airway secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which urinary disorder might muscarinic antagonists be particularly beneficial?

<p>Incontinence and bladder inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do muscarinic antagonists affect gastrointestinal disorders?

<p>Decrease intestinal motility and alleviate cramps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the 'rest-and-digest' response of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in relation to acetylcholine in the nervous system?

<p>To break down acetylcholine into acetate and choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from cholinergic poisoning due to excessive acetylcholine?

<p>Prolonged activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition would NOT generally be treated with muscarinic antagonists?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Sarin gas is accurate?

<p>It is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor leading to cholinergic poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is primarily found in the heart?

<p>β1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is associated with relaxing uterine smooth muscle?

<p>β2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of activating β1 receptors in the body?

<p>Increase heart rate and force of contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is primarily responsible for decreasing the release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic neuron?

<p>α2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contraction of smooth muscle in the vasculature is primarily mediated by which receptor?

<p>α1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is primarily affected by β2 receptor activation?

<p>Lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs when β2 receptors are activated?

<p>Muscle relaxation in various tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are involved in the postsynaptic action of norepinephrine?

<p>Both α and β receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker?

<p>Tubocurarine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does desensitization occur in depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?

<p>Phase 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of depolarizing neuromuscular blockade?

<p>Malignant Hyperthermia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical indication for neuromuscular blockers?

<p>Muscle paralysis during surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of anesthetic NOT typically used in balanced anesthesia?

<p>Topical Anesthetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the mechanisms that lead to drug tolerance?

<p>Down-regulation of receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is commonly associated with addictive drugs?

<p>Inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does drug withdrawal refer to?

<p>Physical and mental symptoms experienced after stopping a drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes substance use disorder (SUD)?

<p>An inability to manage different aspects of life due to substance use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cross tolerance?

<p>Tolerance to one drug leading to tolerance to a different drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical application for local anesthesia?

<p>Managing acute pain during minor procedures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sustained exposure to a drug typically have?

<p>Develops tolerance to the drug's effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset time of succinylcholine?

<p>~30-60 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor influencing substance use disorder (SUD)?

<p>Permanent immunity to addiction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of general anesthesia?

<p>To induce unconsciousness during surgical procedures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for the short duration of action of succinylcholine?

<p>Rapid metabolism by cholinesterase in plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of the desensitizing phase when using succinylcholine?

<p>Flaccid paralysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the depolarizing phase of succinylcholine's action?

<p>Muscular fasciculation followed by paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does full depolarizing neuromuscular block by succinylcholine typically take to achieve?

<p>Within 60 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the action of succinylcholine is true?

<p>It is metabolized quickly by cholinesterase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle fibers after prolonged exposure to succinylcholine?

<p>They repolarize but remain desensitized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of succinylcholine compared to non-depolarizing blockers?

<p>Lower potential for muscle fasciculation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>β1 receptors are predominantly found in the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many neurons are required by the somatic nervous system to reach its target organ?

<p>One neuron is required. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neuromuscular blocking drugs play during surgical procedures?

<p>They protect patients from pain and relax muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the autonomic and somatic nervous systems is correct?

<p>Somatic nervous system uses one neuron to innervate muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

<p>Parasympathetic system conserves energy during resting states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are primarily involved in the sympathetic nervous system’s action on the heart?

<p>β1 receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major purpose of anesthetics during surgical procedures?

<p>To eliminate feelings of pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the somatic nervous system, what type of muscle does it primarily innervate?

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers

Neuromuscular blockers that prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptors, resulting in muscle paralysis.

Tubocurarine

A drug that competitively binds to acetylcholine receptors, preventing acetylcholine from activating them, leading to muscle relaxation.

Nervous System

The nervous system, a complex network within the body, acts as the control and communication center.

Recognizes changes in environment

The nervous system allows the body to sense changes in its surroundings, whether internal (like blood sugar levels) or external (like temperature).

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Processes and Integrates

After detecting changes, the nervous system processes and interprets the information, deciding how to respond.

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Responds to changes

The nervous system carries out the response based on the processed information. This can include actions like muscle movement or hormone release.

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Three functions of the nervous system

The nervous system has three main functions: recognizing, processing, and responding to changes in the environment.

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What are neuropharmaceuticals?

Drugs specifically designed to influence the nervous system are known as neuropharmaceuticals.

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What is Neurotransmission?

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons (nerve cells) communicate with each other.

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Components of the nervous system

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all the nerves connecting them.

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What's the structure of the sympathetic nervous system?

The sympathetic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.

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Where are β1 receptors located?

β1 receptors are primarily found in the heart, where they increase heart rate and contractility.

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What does the somatic nervous system control?

The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles, allowing for movement and posture.

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How many neurons does the somatic nervous system use?

Unlike the autonomic nervous system, which uses two neurons to reach its target, the somatic nervous system uses only one neuron to reach skeletal muscle.

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What are neuromuscular blocking drugs used for?

Neuromuscular blocking drugs are used during surgery to relax muscles, providing a still operative field for surgeons.

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What benefits did neuromuscular blocking drugs and anesthetics bring to surgery?

The advent of neuromuscular blocking drugs and anesthetics revolutionized surgery by reducing pain and providing muscle relaxation.

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Where does the somatic nervous system belong?

The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system, along with the autonomic nervous system.

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What's the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscles and cardiac muscle, while the somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles.

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What are muscarinic antagonists?

Muscarinic antagonists are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, which are found in the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs are used to treat various conditions, including respiratory disorders, urinary problems, and GI issues.

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How are muscarinic antagonists used in respiratory disorders?

Muscarinic antagonists can be used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by relaxing airway muscles and reducing airway secretions. This improves airflow and makes breathing easier.

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How are muscarinic antagonists used in urinary disorders?

Muscarinic antagonists can help manage urinary problems like urgency and incontinence by relaxing bladder muscles and decreasing the frequency of urination.

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How are muscarinic antagonists used in GI disorders?

Muscarinic antagonists can treat GI issues like cramps, diarrhea, and hypermotility by relaxing intestinal muscles and slowing down bowel movements.

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What is acetylcholine's role in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for the "rest-and-digest" response. It binds to receptors to activate this system.

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What is acetylcholinesterase?

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, terminating its action in the synaptic cleft.

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How does Sarin work?

Sarin is a toxic nerve gas that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. This prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in synapses and causing excessive stimulation of various organs.

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What is cholinergic poisoning?

Cholinergic poisoning occurs when there is an excess of acetylcholine in the body. This can be caused by exposure to toxins like Sarin, which inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine.

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What are the primary locations and actions of β1 receptors?

β1 receptors are primarily found in the heart and gastrointestinal muscle. Activation of these receptors results in increased heart rate and force of contraction, as well as relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

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Where are β2 receptors located and what is their primary action?

β2 receptors are found in the lungs, blood vessels, gastrointestinal muscle, and uterus. Activation of these receptors leads to muscle relaxation.

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What are the location and function of α2 receptors?

α2 receptors are found on the presynaptic neuronal membrane. When activated, they decrease the release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in the sympathetic nervous system.

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What are the locations and effects of α1 receptors?

α1 receptors are found in the vasculature, uterus, and gastrointestinal tract. When activated, they contract smooth muscle in the vasculature and uterus, and decrease motility and tone in the gastrointestinal tract.

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What is norepinephrine and how does it act on target organs?

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons. It binds to α or β1 receptors in the target organ to exert its effects.

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What is the sympathetic nervous system and its purpose?

The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses. It regulates various bodily functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.

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What is the autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

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What is the parasympathetic nervous system and its role?

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions. It counteracts the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, slowing down the heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and promoting digestion.

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How does succinylcholine work?

Succinylcholine is a type of neuromuscular blocking agent that causes muscle paralysis by mimicking acetylcholine, but unlike acetylcholine, it doesn't break down easily, leading to prolonged depolarization.

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What is succinylcholine's onset of action?

Succinylcholine acts quickly, reaching peak effect within 30-60 seconds. This rapid onset is helpful for emergencies.

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Why is succinylcholine's effect short?

The short duration of action of succinylcholine is due to its metabolism by cholinesterase in the blood. This enzyme breaks down the drug.

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What are fasciculations?

Succinylcholine causes initial muscle twitching called fasciculations. This occurs because the drug activates receptors in a disorganized manner.

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What happens in the depolarizing phase?

The first phase of succinylcholine action involves depolarization. The muscle fiber is excited and can't relax because the drug keeps the receptors active.

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Explain the desensitizing phase.

After prolonged exposure, the muscle membrane becomes desensitized, no longer responding to acetylcholine. This leads to flaccid paralysis, where the muscles are unable to contract.

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How long does it take for succinylcholine to fully paralyze muscles?

Complete paralysis with succinylcholine occurs within 60 seconds. This swift action is utilized for procedures requiring complete muscle relaxation.

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What are the two phases of action for depolarizing blocking agents?

The phases of action for depolarizing blocking agents include a depolarization phase followed by desensitization.

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Study Notes

Module 02: Introduction to the Nervous System

  • This module is designed for interaction with online learning resources.
  • The Module Companion Guide complements the online slides.
  • Discrepancies between the guide and the module should be resolved by referencing the module.
  • Do not share the Module Companion Guide with students not enrolled in the course.
  • Sharing the guide violates the Academic Integrity Policy of Queen's University.
  • Students violating the policy face sanctions.

Table of Contents

  • Learning outcomes, icons, and assignments listed for each module section.
  • Specific topics include neurotransmission, autonomic pharmacology, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and neuromuscular disorders, which are all components of the nervous system.
  • Questions are included throughout each section for self-assessment.
  • Sections on neurotransmission, organization of the nervous system (CNS and PNS) and review of the nervous system are all introduced.
  • The module includes information for the parasympathetic nervous system, including its neurons, organization, neurotransmitters, receptors, and other associated topics.
  • The module also deals with sympathetic nervous system topics such as neurons, organization, and other associated topics like neurotransmitters, and receptors.
  • Neuromuscular blocking drugs and their related clinical uses are also discussed in this module.
  • The module concludes with an introduction to substance use disorders (SUD), exploring social impairments and risky use aspects, as well as withdrawal and tolerance.
  • Additional topics like glaucoma, poor muscle tone in the bladder, and asthma are also incorporated across sections
  • A summary is provided at the end of the module.

Introduction

  • The nervous system is the body's control and communication system, encompassing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves for voluntary and involuntary actions.
  • The nervous system needs to be targeted by many drugs.
  • The nervous system has three basic steps in responding to the environment: recognize, process, and react.
  • Recognition involves acknowledging changes in internal and external surroundings.
  • Processing involves interpreting these environmental changes.
  • Reaction involves responding to the changes through appropriate actions.

Neuronal Communication and Neurotransmission

  • Neurotransmission is the primary mode of communication between neurons.
  • It is a chemical process where neurotransmitters facilitate the transmission of signals from one neuron to another.
  • Removal of neurotransmitters is crucial to terminate the signal.
  • Transporters in presynaptic neurons are the mechanism by which neurotransmitters clear the synaptic cleft.

Organization of the Nervous System

  • The nervous system is generally divided into two major components: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
  • The PNS encompasses all nerve fibers outside the CNS.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • This system controls involuntary actions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
  • It functions as a two-neuron system.
  • It's divided into parasympathetic ("rest-and-digest") and sympathetic ("fight-or-flight") to achieve balance and control bodily functions.

Substance Use Disorders (SUD)

  • Criteria for diagnosing SUD involve aspects like social impairment, risky use, impaired control, withdrawal, and tolerance to substances.

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Related Documents

PHAR 370 Module 02 Companion Guide PDF

Description

Test your understanding of the nervous system and its functions with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the Virtual Ileum Lab, the basic functions of the nervous system, and the effects of drugs in autonomic pharmacology. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in this area.

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