Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a main telencephalic structure?
Which of the following is NOT a main telencephalic structure?
- limbic system
- basal ganglia
- neocortex
- thalamus (correct)
The autonomic nervous system uses ganglia to activate or inhibit the body's internal organs.
The autonomic nervous system uses ganglia to activate or inhibit the body's internal organs.
True (A)
What are the three main functions of the basal ganglia?
What are the three main functions of the basal ganglia?
The basal ganglia connect sensory and motor regions of the cortex, regulate movement for fluidity, and are involved in associative learning.
The ______ is a distinctive hindbrain structure.
The ______ is a distinctive hindbrain structure.
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Which of the following is a characteristic of Huntington disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Huntington disease?
The substantia nigra projections to the forebrain are only involved in controlling reward-related behaviors.
The substantia nigra projections to the forebrain are only involved in controlling reward-related behaviors.
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
The ______ nervous system is made up of all nerves that connect to the CNS.
The ______ nervous system is made up of all nerves that connect to the CNS.
Which of the following is NOT a division of the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a division of the brain?
Which of the following terms describes structures located on the same side of the body?
Which of the following terms describes structures located on the same side of the body?
The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
What are the two main components of the central nervous system?
What are the two main components of the central nervous system?
What are the three layers of the meninges?
What are the three layers of the meninges?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Movement towards a brain structure is called ______, while movement away from it is called ______.
Movement towards a brain structure is called ______, while movement away from it is called ______.
The ______ is a network of interconnected brain structures that is involved in emotional processing.
The ______ is a network of interconnected brain structures that is involved in emotional processing.
Match the following regions of the developing brain with their corresponding adult brain structures.
Match the following regions of the developing brain with their corresponding adult brain structures.
The blood-brain barrier is a protective mechanism that prevents all substances from entering the brain.
The blood-brain barrier is a protective mechanism that prevents all substances from entering the brain.
What are the two types of roots that connect the spinal cord to the body?
What are the two types of roots that connect the spinal cord to the body?
The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling the internal organs.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling the internal organs.
What is the name given to a body segment that is represented by a segment of the spinal cord?
What is the name given to a body segment that is represented by a segment of the spinal cord?
Flashcards
Ipsilateral Structures
Ipsilateral Structures
Structures located on the same side of the body.
Contralateral Structures
Contralateral Structures
Structures located on opposite sides of the body.
Proximal
Proximal
Refers to structures that are closer together.
Distal
Distal
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Afferent Pathway
Afferent Pathway
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Efferent Pathway
Efferent Pathway
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Brainstem
Brainstem
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Telencephalon Structures
Telencephalon Structures
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Basal Ganglia Functions
Basal Ganglia Functions
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Huntington Disease
Huntington Disease
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Crossed Brain Hemispheres
Crossed Brain Hemispheres
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Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood-Brain Barrier
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Neuron
Neuron
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Glial Cells
Glial Cells
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Gray Matter
Gray Matter
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White Matter
White Matter
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Central Sulcus
Central Sulcus
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Hippocampus
Hippocampus
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Study Notes
Nervous System Organization
- The nervous system is complex, with approximately 86 billion neurons and 85 billion glial cells
- Neurons are organized in layers or clusters (nuclei) with specific functions in mediating behavior
- Layers and nuclei have identifiable shapes and colors when stained, reflecting their function
- Long-distance connections, forming fiber pathways (tracts), exist between brain areas
- The brain is plastic, undergoing changes during a lifetime, adapting to new experiences, and compensating for damage like stroke
- The brain is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Stroke
- Stroke is the third-leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in the US
- Someone suffers a stroke every 40 seconds in the US
- Stroke, an interruption of blood flow to the brain, kills brain cells
- Stroke causes behavioral symptoms suddenly
- Ischemic stroke results from blood vessel constriction by a clot, reducing brain blood flow
- Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel bursts, causing bleeding into the brain
- t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) is a drug which can break up clots allowing affected areas to regain normal blood flow, and is effective if administered within 3 hours post-stroke
- Strokes can affect people of any age
- Stroke rates are declining in developed countries thanks to reduced smoking, better diets and blood pressure control
Neuroanatomy
- Neuroanatomy describes the brain's orderly arrangement of neurons and connections, which helps neuropsychologists understand brain function
- The brain is described in terms of relationships to other body parts (rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral), and in relative locations in relation to other parts of the brain (anterior, posterior, lateral, medial)
- Brain structures are also described as viewed from a particular point of perspective (coronal, horizontal, sagittal)
- Humans have a bilateral nervous system: matching structures in each hemisphere in the brain
- Proximal structures are close to one another; distal structures are further apart, in terms of the distance between them
- Pathways that transmit signals towards a brain structure (Sensory) are called afferent, and pathways that transmit signals away from the brain structure (Motor) are called efferent
- Humans possess an upright posture, whereas some animal stand on four legs, having a different anatomical orientation perspective
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