Nervous System and Reflex Actions

• The basic unit of the nervous system needs to be identified
• The primary function of the nervous system needs to be stated
• Diagrams of neurons and the brain require labeling with provided terms

Components of a Neuron

• Key parts include the axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, nucleus, axon terminal, and cell body

Brain Anatomy

• Key regions of the brain consists of the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and cerebral hemispheres

Reflex Arcs

• A reflex arc needs to be defined, highlighting its differences from other automatic or involuntary actions

Examples of Reflex Actions

• Reflex actions include blinking, pupil dilation in response to light, and knee-jerk reaction

Endocrine System: True or False Statements

• These include statements about hormone transport, glucagon release in response to high blood sugar, and the role of insulin

Hormones

• A hormone needs to be defined
• A gland needs to be defined

Endocrine Glands

• Diagrams of the endocrine system requires to be labeled, using terms like pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, thymus gland, and testes

Nervous vs. Endocrine System

• The nervous system transmits messages electrically and quickly
• The nervous system responses are short lasting with local effects
• The endocrine system transmits messages chemically and slowly
• The effects of the endocrine system are widespread and long lasting
• The nervous system sends messages via neurons
• The endocrine system sends messages via the bloodstream

Homeostasis

• Requires a definition

Brain's Role in Homeostasis

• The hypothalamus regulates it

Negative Feedback

• Negative feedback opposes the initial change

Positive Feedback

• Positive feedback amplifies the initial change

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

• If a level rises, control systems reduce it
• If a level falls, control systems raise it

Homeostatic Body Systems

• Homeostatic body systems needs to be labeled, in terms of positive/negative feedback

Examples of Homeostasis

• Water balance is maintained by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by retaining water when dehydrated
• Oxygen levels in blood increase breathing rate when oxygen is low
• Childbirth involves oxytocin increasing contractions, a positive feedback loop
• Blood pressure control involves dilation of blood vessels if pressure is too high, constriction if too low
• Fever is when the body raises its temperature to fight infection

Infectious vs. Non-Infectious Diseases

• The difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases needs to be described, including causes and factors

Pathogen Definition

• A pathogen needs to be defined

Pathogens and Diseases

• Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria
• Influenza is caused by a virus
• Candidiasis (Athlete's Foot) is caused by fungi
• Strep Throat is caused by bacteria
• Malaria is caused by a parasite

Bacteria vs. Viruses

• Bacteria and viruses needs to be compared (living/non-living status, reproduction, and their specific treatments)
• Bacteria are living and can reproduce independently or require a host
• Viruses are non-living and require a host to reproduce
• Bacteria are treated with antibiotics, viruses with antivirals

Disease Prevention Methods

• Methods that help prevent disease spread includes washing hands, cooking food properly, getting vaccinated, wearing PPE, maintaining social distance, and quarantine