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Questions and Answers
Which reflex is integrated between 2 to 4 months of age?
Which reflex is integrated between 2 to 4 months of age?
What is NOT a factor measured in developmental reflexes?
What is NOT a factor measured in developmental reflexes?
Which reflex is permanent and associated with oral functions?
Which reflex is permanent and associated with oral functions?
Which reflex indicates potential issues with fine motor skills if retained?
Which reflex indicates potential issues with fine motor skills if retained?
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The asymmetric tonic neck reflex integrates fully by which age?
The asymmetric tonic neck reflex integrates fully by which age?
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Which reflex does NOT have a specified integration period of 2 to 4 months?
Which reflex does NOT have a specified integration period of 2 to 4 months?
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Which of these indicates developmental reflex retention that may lead to head control issues?
Which of these indicates developmental reflex retention that may lead to head control issues?
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Which reflex is integrated by 8 to 12 months and relates to muscle tone?
Which reflex is integrated by 8 to 12 months and relates to muscle tone?
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Which structure is located posterior to the brainstem?
Which structure is located posterior to the brainstem?
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What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve?
What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve?
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Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for hearing and balance?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for hearing and balance?
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Which component is NOT a part of the diencephalon?
Which component is NOT a part of the diencephalon?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with lateral eye movement?
Which cranial nerve is associated with lateral eye movement?
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The motor pathways in the nervous system primarily transmit signals from the brain to what?
The motor pathways in the nervous system primarily transmit signals from the brain to what?
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What type of nerve emerges directly from the brain?
What type of nerve emerges directly from the brain?
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Which of the following is one of the two primary motor pathways?
Which of the following is one of the two primary motor pathways?
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What is the origin of the corticospinal pathway?
What is the origin of the corticospinal pathway?
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Which type of neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord?
Which type of neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord?
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What is the role of lower motor neurons?
What is the role of lower motor neurons?
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What can damage to the corticospinal pathway cause?
What can damage to the corticospinal pathway cause?
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Why is understanding motor pathways important in neurology?
Why is understanding motor pathways important in neurology?
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Which structure do upper motor neurons NOT pass through?
Which structure do upper motor neurons NOT pass through?
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What occurs when lower motor neurons receive signals from upper motor neurons?
What occurs when lower motor neurons receive signals from upper motor neurons?
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Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle contractions?
Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle contractions?
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What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal pathway?
What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal pathway?
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Which spinal segment is primarily responsible for transmitting signals to the legs and feet?
Which spinal segment is primarily responsible for transmitting signals to the legs and feet?
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Which myotome corresponds with elbow flexion and wrist extension?
Which myotome corresponds with elbow flexion and wrist extension?
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What characterizes dermatomes in the context of spinal nerves?
What characterizes dermatomes in the context of spinal nerves?
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Which spinal segment transmits signals to the shoulder and neck region?
Which spinal segment transmits signals to the shoulder and neck region?
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Which of the following is a correct description of myotomes?
Which of the following is a correct description of myotomes?
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Which of the following structures directly connects to the coccygeal segment?
Which of the following structures directly connects to the coccygeal segment?
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What is the role of the sacral segments?
What is the role of the sacral segments?
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What distinguishes the extrapyramidal pathway from the corticospinal pathway?
What distinguishes the extrapyramidal pathway from the corticospinal pathway?
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Which of the following describes rigidity in muscle tone?
Which of the following describes rigidity in muscle tone?
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What is cogwheel rigidity?
What is cogwheel rigidity?
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Which condition is most likely associated with extrapyramidal lesions?
Which condition is most likely associated with extrapyramidal lesions?
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What term describes a life-threatening condition that occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries above T6 level?
What term describes a life-threatening condition that occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries above T6 level?
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Which gait pattern is commonly seen in hemiplegia?
Which gait pattern is commonly seen in hemiplegia?
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What does flaccidity refer to in a clinical context?
What does flaccidity refer to in a clinical context?
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What is a common symptom of autonomic dysfunction in neuromuscular disorders?
What is a common symptom of autonomic dysfunction in neuromuscular disorders?
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Which of the following is not commonly associated with the pyramidal tract?
Which of the following is not commonly associated with the pyramidal tract?
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Which term best describes alterations in temperature regulation in neuromuscular disorders?
Which term best describes alterations in temperature regulation in neuromuscular disorders?
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What is bradykinesic gait associated with?
What is bradykinesic gait associated with?
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What is the primary location of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?
What is the primary location of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?
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What condition is characterized by increased muscle tone resulting from UMN lesions?
What condition is characterized by increased muscle tone resulting from UMN lesions?
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Which of the following is a common sign associated with lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?
Which of the following is a common sign associated with lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?
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Which condition can result from upper motor neuron lesions?
Which condition can result from upper motor neuron lesions?
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What is the effect of upper motor neuron lesions on reflexes?
What is the effect of upper motor neuron lesions on reflexes?
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Which of the following characterizes lower motor neuron lesions?
Which of the following characterizes lower motor neuron lesions?
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What type of muscle tone is associated with lower motor neuron lesions?
What type of muscle tone is associated with lower motor neuron lesions?
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What is the primary distinguishing factor between UMN and LMN lesions?
What is the primary distinguishing factor between UMN and LMN lesions?
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What condition may lead to upper motor neuron lesions?
What condition may lead to upper motor neuron lesions?
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Which of the following describes spasticity?
Which of the following describes spasticity?
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How do lower motor neuron lesions typically affect muscle strength?
How do lower motor neuron lesions typically affect muscle strength?
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What potential neurological sign often accompanies UMN lesions?
What potential neurological sign often accompanies UMN lesions?
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What is a consequence of disrupted signals in UMN lesions?
What is a consequence of disrupted signals in UMN lesions?
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Which neurological condition is associated with lower motor neuron lesions?
Which neurological condition is associated with lower motor neuron lesions?
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What condition is characterized by the inability to swallow?
What condition is characterized by the inability to swallow?
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Which term describes a defect in the ability to perform voluntary movement?
Which term describes a defect in the ability to perform voluntary movement?
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What is the condition characterized by prolonged muscle contraction and abnormal posture?
What is the condition characterized by prolonged muscle contraction and abnormal posture?
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Which term best describes an impairment in memory?
Which term best describes an impairment in memory?
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What is characterized by labored and difficult breathing?
What is characterized by labored and difficult breathing?
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Which condition specifically involves difficulty in swallowing?
Which condition specifically involves difficulty in swallowing?
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What is characterized by difficulty in the coordination and execution of voluntary movements?
What is characterized by difficulty in the coordination and execution of voluntary movements?
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Which term describes an impaired ability to speak due to a brain lesion?
Which term describes an impaired ability to speak due to a brain lesion?
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Which condition is a medical emergency due to an uninhibited sympathetic response in individuals with specific spinal cord injuries?
Which condition is a medical emergency due to an uninhibited sympathetic response in individuals with specific spinal cord injuries?
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What condition is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions causing twisting movements or abnormal postures?
What condition is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions causing twisting movements or abnormal postures?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Anatomy
- Spinal Cord: Runs through the spinal canal, transmitting signals back and forth between the brain and peripheral nerves. Includes nerve roots that exit.
- Brain and Peripheral Nerves: Control movement, thoughts, and sensory input from visceral organs; motor signals to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: "Fight or flight" response.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: "Rest and digest" response.
- Cranial Nerves: Emerge from the skull; carry sensory and motor information (smell, vision, eye movement). Differ from spinal nerves (from vertebral column).
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Cranial Nerves (specific examples):
- Olfactory: Smell
- Optic: Vision
- Oculomotor: Eye movement and pupil reflex
- Trochlear: Eye movement
- Trigeminal: Sensation and chewing
- Abducens: Lateral eye movement
- Facial: Face movement
- Vestibulocochlear: Hearing and balance
- Glossopharyngeal: Throat sensation, taste, and swallowing
- Vagus: Movement, sensation, and abdominal organs
- Accessory: Neck movement
- Hypoglossal: Tongue movement
Motor Pathways
- Corticospinal Pathway: Transmits signals from the brain to muscles for voluntary movement. Consists of upper motor neurons (travel through the internal capsule, brainstem, and spinal cord) and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. Damage leads to weakness, tremors, or difficulties controlling movement.
- Extrapyramidal Pathway: Coordinates and regulates muscle contractions, particularly smooth and coordinated movements. Involves complex connections outside the primary motor cortex, including several subcortical nuclei and brain regions. Damage leads to difficulties coordinating and controlling movement leading to abnormal postures or movements.
Spinal Segments
- Cervical Spine (7 segments): Controls neck, shoulders, and upper arm muscles
- Thoracic Spine (12 segments): Controls chest muscles and abdominal region
- Lumbar Spine (5 segments): Controls leg muscles
- Sacral Spine (5 fused vertebrae): Controls lower body muscles and some pelvic organs
- Coccygeal Remnant (1): The bottom of the spinal cord
- Myotomes: Groups of muscles innervated by motor fibers of a single spinal nerve.
- Dermatomes: Areas of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve.
Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Used to assess spinal cord integrity quickly; identify upper/lower motor neuron lesions.
- Hyperactive: Usually indicate upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions.
- Hypoactive: Usually indicate lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions; decreased reflexes
Neurological Assessments (Other)
- Sensory testing: Touch perception, two-point discrimination, proprioception, vibration. Includes assessments of light touch vs deep pressure and comparing one side to the other.
- Muscle strength (MMT): Grades of muscle contraction (0-5) using resistance and gravity. Tests include testing at different positions with or without gravity.
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UMN vs. LMN lesions:
- UMN lesions: Hyperactive reflexes, spasticity, paralysis (often from brain damage).
- LMN lesions: Reduced or absent reflexes, muscle atrophy, paralysis (often from peripheral nerve damage or spinal cord trauma below UMN level)
Spasticity vs Rigidity
- Spasticity: Resistance to passive movement, increased muscle tone, stiffness during stretch, hyperactive reflexes. Primarily an UMN sign. More apparent during specific movements; may not be stiff at rest.
- Rigidity: Involves increased muscle tone (resistance to passive movement) present at rest and throughout the ROM, often simultaneous co-contraction of opposing muscles. Primarily an extrapyramidal sign. In all directions across joints.
Gait Disturbances
- Possible causes include stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, trauma, etc.
- Different gait patterns: Hemiplegia (circumduction), Parkinson's (shuffling), etc. Other gait patterns may include festination (increased speed), hypotonicity, decreased ROM during motion.
Other Neurological Signs/Symptoms
- Aphasia: Difficulty with language comprehension or production.
- Dysphagia: Difficulty with swallowing.
- Dysarthria: Difficulty with speech due to muscular dysfunction.
- Dysreflexia (autonomic dysreflexia): Life-threatening, uninhibited sympathetic response in spinal cord injuries above T6 level (e.g., in response to bladder or bowel issues); caused by reflex action in response to stimulus such as a distended bladder, fecal mass, or pain stimuli.
- Compensatory changes: These can be seen in various neurological conditions and involve the body adjusting its movements or muscle activation to accommodate deficits.
Developmental Reflexes
- Involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli, with some fading as the brain matures.
- Types: Moro, palmar grasp, rooting, sucking, Babinski, etc.
Additional topics for review
- Dermatomes and Myotomes: Important for understanding the anatomical distribution of nerve fibers
- Cranial Nerves: Need to know them extensively.
- Spinal pathways: need to know the individual pathways. (This will greatly depend on the exact topics covered if there is more information on specific pathways.)
- Definitions: Review conditions and terms mentioned.
- Examples of UMN and LMN conditions & examples: Research and note them.
- Deep tendon reflexes: Understand the different reflexes and their assessment techniques.
- Assessment criteria: Review the details for different assessments
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Description
This quiz covers the essential components of the nervous system, including the spinal cord, brain, cranial nerves, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact to control movement, thoughts, and sensory input. Explore specific cranial nerves and their functions in this informative quiz.
