Nervous System Anatomy Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which reflex is integrated between 2 to 4 months of age?

  • Palmar grasp reflex
  • Walking reflex
  • Babinski's reflex
  • Moro/Startle reflex (correct)

What is NOT a factor measured in developmental reflexes?

  • Symmetry
  • Timing
  • Color (correct)
  • Strength

Which reflex is permanent and associated with oral functions?

  • Gag reflex (correct)
  • Rooting reflex
  • Palmar grasp reflex
  • Moro reflex

Which reflex indicates potential issues with fine motor skills if retained?

<p>Palmar grasp reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The asymmetric tonic neck reflex integrates fully by which age?

<p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex does NOT have a specified integration period of 2 to 4 months?

<p>Auditory orienting reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these indicates developmental reflex retention that may lead to head control issues?

<p>Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is integrated by 8 to 12 months and relates to muscle tone?

<p>Babinski reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located posterior to the brainstem?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve?

<p>Smell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for hearing and balance?

<p>Vestibulocochlear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a part of the diencephalon?

<p>Cerebrum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is associated with lateral eye movement?

<p>Abducens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The motor pathways in the nervous system primarily transmit signals from the brain to what?

<p>Muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve emerges directly from the brain?

<p>Cranial nerves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the two primary motor pathways?

<p>Corticospinal pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the corticospinal pathway?

<p>Primary motor cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord?

<p>Upper motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lower motor neurons?

<p>To innervate skeletal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can damage to the corticospinal pathway cause?

<p>Motor deficits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding motor pathways important in neurology?

<p>It helps diagnose and treat motor disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure do upper motor neurons NOT pass through?

<p>Thalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when lower motor neurons receive signals from upper motor neurons?

<p>Electrical impulses are transmitted to skeletal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle contractions?

<p>Upper motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal pathway?

<p>Regulates muscle tone and involuntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal segment is primarily responsible for transmitting signals to the legs and feet?

<p>Lumbar Spine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which myotome corresponds with elbow flexion and wrist extension?

<p>C6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes dermatomes in the context of spinal nerves?

<p>Areas of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal segment transmits signals to the shoulder and neck region?

<p>C3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct description of myotomes?

<p>Muscle groups innervated by motor fibers of a single spinal nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures directly connects to the coccygeal segment?

<p>Pelvic organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sacral segments?

<p>Transmit signals to the lower back and pelvic organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the extrapyramidal pathway from the corticospinal pathway?

<p>Extrapyramidal pathway involves more indirect connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes rigidity in muscle tone?

<p>Increased muscle tone present at rest and during passive range of motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cogwheel rigidity?

<p>A jerky and ratchet-like resistance during passive movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely associated with extrapyramidal lesions?

<p>Parkinson's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a life-threatening condition that occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries above T6 level?

<p>Autonomic dysreflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gait pattern is commonly seen in hemiplegia?

<p>Circumduction gait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does flaccidity refer to in a clinical context?

<p>Decreased or lost normal muscle tone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of autonomic dysfunction in neuromuscular disorders?

<p>Drops in blood pressure during exertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not commonly associated with the pyramidal tract?

<p>Presence of flaccidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes alterations in temperature regulation in neuromuscular disorders?

<p>General abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bradykinesic gait associated with?

<p>Parkinson's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

<p>Central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by increased muscle tone resulting from UMN lesions?

<p>Hypertonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign associated with lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

<p>Muscle atrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from upper motor neuron lesions?

<p>Stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of upper motor neuron lesions on reflexes?

<p>Reflexes are hyperactive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes lower motor neuron lesions?

<p>Reduced or absent reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tone is associated with lower motor neuron lesions?

<p>Hypotonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing factor between UMN and LMN lesions?

<p>Location of the lesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may lead to upper motor neuron lesions?

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes spasticity?

<p>Increased resistance to passive movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lower motor neuron lesions typically affect muscle strength?

<p>Muscle weakness or paralysis may occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential neurological sign often accompanies UMN lesions?

<p>Hyperactive reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of disrupted signals in UMN lesions?

<p>Lack of muscle coordination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurological condition is associated with lower motor neuron lesions?

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the inability to swallow?

<p>Dysphagia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a defect in the ability to perform voluntary movement?

<p>Dyskinesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by prolonged muscle contraction and abnormal posture?

<p>Dystonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes an impairment in memory?

<p>Dysmnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by labored and difficult breathing?

<p>Dyspnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition specifically involves difficulty in swallowing?

<p>Dysphagia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by difficulty in the coordination and execution of voluntary movements?

<p>Dyspraxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an impaired ability to speak due to a brain lesion?

<p>Dysphasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a medical emergency due to an uninhibited sympathetic response in individuals with specific spinal cord injuries?

<p>Dysreflexia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions causing twisting movements or abnormal postures?

<p>Dystonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Medulla Oblongata

The lowest part of the brainstem, controlling vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Pons

A part of the brainstem located above the medulla oblongata, involved in sleep, breathing, and facial expressions.

Midbrain

The uppermost part of the brainstem, involved in eye movements, auditory processing, and motor control.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions such as language, memory, and thought.

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Cerebellum

A structure located behind the brainstem, involved in coordination, balance, and movement.

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Diencephalon

The part of the brain that sits above the brainstem and controls various important functions.

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Thalamus

A part of the diencephalon responsible for relaying sensory information to the cerebrum.

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Hypothalamus

A part of the diencephalon responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

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Reflex

A natural, automatic response to a stimulus, like a loud noise, a touch, or a light.

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Neonatal reflexes

Reflexes that appear in newborns and usually disappear as the baby grows.

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Moro reflex

A reflex that makes a baby throw their arms out and arch their back in response to a sudden loud noise or movement.

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Palmar grasp reflex

A reflex that makes a baby grasp an object placed in their hand.

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Walking reflex

A reflex that makes a baby step when held upright.

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Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A reflex that makes a baby's arm extend on the same side as their head turns and bend on the opposite side.

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Symmetric tonic neck reflex

A reflex that makes a baby's arms extend when their head is bent forward and bend when their head is lifted back.

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Babinski reflex

A reflex that makes a baby's toes fan out when the bottom of their foot is stroked.

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Extrapyramidal Pathway

A pathway in the central nervous system that helps coordinate and regulate muscle tone, posture, and involuntary movements.

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Spinal Segment

A segment of the spinal cord that receives and sends signals to a specific part of the body.

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Cervical Spine

The section of the spine containing 7 segments that transmit signals to and from the head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.

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Thoracic Spine

The section of the spine containing 12 segments that transmit signals to and from the arms, chest, and abdomen.

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Lumbar Spine

The section of the spine containing 5 segments that transmit signals to and from the legs, feet, and some pelvic organs.

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Sacral Segments

The section of the spine containing 5 fused vertebrae transmitting signals to and from the lower back, glutes, pelvic organs, genital areas, and some parts of the legs and feet.

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Coccygeal Segment

The very bottom of the spinal cord, a single coccygeal remnant.

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Dermatome

An area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve, transmitting sensory information like pain, temperature, and touch.

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Myotome

A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single spinal nerve, enabling voluntary muscle movement.

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Deep Tendon Reflexes

These reflexes are elicited by tapping on specific tendons and provide information about the integrity of the nerve pathways involved.

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Corticospinal Pathway

The corticospinal pathway is a direct pathway from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord, responsible for voluntary muscle control.

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Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)

Located in the primary motor cortex of the brain, upper motor neurons (UMNs) are responsible for initiating voluntary movement. They send signals down the corticospinal pathway.

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Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs)

Located in the spinal cord, lower motor neurons (LMNs) receive signals from the UMNs and transmit those signals to specific muscles. Their axons extend from the spinal cord to the muscles.

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Muscle Contraction

When LMNs receive signals from UMNs, they transmit electrical impulses to the target muscles, causing them to contract, ultimately leading to voluntary movement.

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Corticospinal Pathway Damage

Damage or disruptions to the corticospinal pathway can cause motor deficits, such as weakness, paralysis, or impaired coordination.

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Extrapyramidal Pathway Damage

Damage or disruptions to the extrapyramidal pathway can result in movement disorders, such as tremors, rigidity, and difficulty controlling movements.

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Importance of Motor Pathways

Understanding motor pathways is crucial in the fields of neurology and rehabilitation, as it helps diagnose and treat various motor disorders.

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Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMN)

A neurological condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS), specifically within the brain or spinal cord.

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Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)

A neurological condition that affects the peripheral nervous system (PNS), specifically within the nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the muscles.

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Hypertonia (UMN)

Increased muscle tone, resulting in stiffness and resistance to passive movement.

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Hypotonia (LMN)

Decreased muscle tone, resulting in muscles feeling floppy and lacking resistance to passive movement.

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Hyperactive Reflexes (UMN)

Exaggerated or abnormal reflexes due to disrupted inhibitory signals from the brain.

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Hypoactive Reflexes (LMN)

Reduced or absent reflexes due to the interruption of signals between the spinal cord and muscles.

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Spasticity (UMN)

Sudden muscle contractions or spasms, often seen in UMN lesions.

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Atrophy (LMN)

Muscle wasting due to the lack of neural input, a hallmark of LMN lesions.

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Weakness or Paralysis (LMN)

Muscle weakness or paralysis caused by disrupted signals reaching the muscles directly.

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Stroke

A condition that often causes UMN lesions, leading to symptoms like hypertonia, spasticity, and hyperactive reflexes.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A condition that can cause LMN lesions, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and hypoactive reflexes.

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Location of the Lesion

A key distinguishing factor between UMN and LMN lesions.

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Spasticity vs Rigidity

A condition characterized by resistance of a limb to passive movement, often associated with UMN lesions.

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Increased Muscle Tone

An abnormal increase of muscle tone or stiffness of a muscle, often a symptom of UMN lesions.

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Rigidity

A condition where the muscles are constantly contracted and rigid, often associated with LMN lesions.

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Spasticity

Increased resistance to passive movement, especially with fast movements. The resistance varies depending on the direction of movement.

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Cogwheel Rigidity

A type of spasticity where the resistance is jerky and uneven, like a ratchet.

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Lead Pipe Rigidity

A type of spasticity where the resistance is constant and unyielding, like a pipe filled with lead.

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Flaccidity (Hypotonicity)

A decrease or loss of normal muscle tone, typically due to lower motor neuron damage.

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Circumduction Gait

A gait pattern characteristic of hemiplegia or multiple sclerosis, where the affected leg is swung laterally to propel movement.

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Bradykinesic or Festinating Gait

A slow shuffling gait associated with Parkinson's disease, characterized by short, rapid steps.

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Autonomic Dysreflexia

A life-threatening condition that occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries above the T6 level. It's triggered by a reflex action of the autonomic nervous system in response to stimuli such as a full bladder, fecal mass, or pain.

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Resting Tremor

Tremors that occur at rest, without any intentional movement.

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Intention Tremor

Tremors that occur when initiating or attempting a voluntary movement.

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Dysarthria

Defective speech due to muscular dysfunction, with intact mental function.

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Dyskinesia

A defect in the ability to perform voluntary movement.

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Dysphagia

Inability to swallow.

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Dysphasia

Impairment of speech resulting from a brain lesion.

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Dyspnea

Labored, difficult breathing.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Anatomy

  • Spinal Cord: Runs through the spinal canal, transmitting signals back and forth between the brain and peripheral nerves. Includes nerve roots that exit.
  • Brain and Peripheral Nerves: Control movement, thoughts, and sensory input from visceral organs; motor signals to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: "Fight or flight" response.
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System: "Rest and digest" response.
  • Cranial Nerves: Emerge from the skull; carry sensory and motor information (smell, vision, eye movement). Differ from spinal nerves (from vertebral column).
  • Cranial Nerves (specific examples):
    • Olfactory: Smell
    • Optic: Vision
    • Oculomotor: Eye movement and pupil reflex
    • Trochlear: Eye movement
    • Trigeminal: Sensation and chewing
    • Abducens: Lateral eye movement
    • Facial: Face movement
    • Vestibulocochlear: Hearing and balance
    • Glossopharyngeal: Throat sensation, taste, and swallowing
    • Vagus: Movement, sensation, and abdominal organs
    • Accessory: Neck movement
    • Hypoglossal: Tongue movement

Motor Pathways

  • Corticospinal Pathway: Transmits signals from the brain to muscles for voluntary movement. Consists of upper motor neurons (travel through the internal capsule, brainstem, and spinal cord) and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. Damage leads to weakness, tremors, or difficulties controlling movement.
  • Extrapyramidal Pathway: Coordinates and regulates muscle contractions, particularly smooth and coordinated movements. Involves complex connections outside the primary motor cortex, including several subcortical nuclei and brain regions. Damage leads to difficulties coordinating and controlling movement leading to abnormal postures or movements.

Spinal Segments

  • Cervical Spine (7 segments): Controls neck, shoulders, and upper arm muscles
  • Thoracic Spine (12 segments): Controls chest muscles and abdominal region
  • Lumbar Spine (5 segments): Controls leg muscles
  • Sacral Spine (5 fused vertebrae): Controls lower body muscles and some pelvic organs
  • Coccygeal Remnant (1): The bottom of the spinal cord
  • Myotomes: Groups of muscles innervated by motor fibers of a single spinal nerve.
  • Dermatomes: Areas of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve.

Deep Tendon Reflexes

  • Used to assess spinal cord integrity quickly; identify upper/lower motor neuron lesions.
  • Hyperactive: Usually indicate upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions.
  • Hypoactive: Usually indicate lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions; decreased reflexes

Neurological Assessments (Other)

  • Sensory testing: Touch perception, two-point discrimination, proprioception, vibration. Includes assessments of light touch vs deep pressure and comparing one side to the other.
  • Muscle strength (MMT): Grades of muscle contraction (0-5) using resistance and gravity. Tests include testing at different positions with or without gravity.
  • UMN vs. LMN lesions:
    • UMN lesions: Hyperactive reflexes, spasticity, paralysis (often from brain damage).
    • LMN lesions: Reduced or absent reflexes, muscle atrophy, paralysis (often from peripheral nerve damage or spinal cord trauma below UMN level)

Spasticity vs Rigidity

  • Spasticity: Resistance to passive movement, increased muscle tone, stiffness during stretch, hyperactive reflexes. Primarily an UMN sign. More apparent during specific movements; may not be stiff at rest.
  • Rigidity: Involves increased muscle tone (resistance to passive movement) present at rest and throughout the ROM, often simultaneous co-contraction of opposing muscles. Primarily an extrapyramidal sign. In all directions across joints.

Gait Disturbances

  • Possible causes include stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, trauma, etc.
  • Different gait patterns: Hemiplegia (circumduction), Parkinson's (shuffling), etc. Other gait patterns may include festination (increased speed), hypotonicity, decreased ROM during motion.

Other Neurological Signs/Symptoms

  • Aphasia: Difficulty with language comprehension or production.
  • Dysphagia: Difficulty with swallowing.
  • Dysarthria: Difficulty with speech due to muscular dysfunction.
  • Dysreflexia (autonomic dysreflexia): Life-threatening, uninhibited sympathetic response in spinal cord injuries above T6 level (e.g., in response to bladder or bowel issues); caused by reflex action in response to stimulus such as a distended bladder, fecal mass, or pain stimuli.
  • Compensatory changes: These can be seen in various neurological conditions and involve the body adjusting its movements or muscle activation to accommodate deficits.

Developmental Reflexes

  • Involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli, with some fading as the brain matures.
  • Types: Moro, palmar grasp, rooting, sucking, Babinski, etc.

Additional topics for review

  • Dermatomes and Myotomes: Important for understanding the anatomical distribution of nerve fibers
  • Cranial Nerves: Need to know them extensively.
  • Spinal pathways: need to know the individual pathways. (This will greatly depend on the exact topics covered if there is more information on specific pathways.)
  • Definitions: Review conditions and terms mentioned.
  • Examples of UMN and LMN conditions & examples: Research and note them.
  • Deep tendon reflexes: Understand the different reflexes and their assessment techniques.
  • Assessment criteria: Review the details for different assessments

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Description

This quiz covers the essential components of the nervous system, including the spinal cord, brain, cranial nerves, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact to control movement, thoughts, and sensory input. Explore specific cranial nerves and their functions in this informative quiz.

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