Anatomy of the Scalp and Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the aponeurosis layer in the scalp?

  • Stores fat
  • Houses blood vessels
  • Provides sensory supply
  • Connects muscles of the scalp (correct)

Which arterial supply is responsible for supplying the forehead?

  • Superficial Temporal artery
  • Maxillary artery
  • Occipital artery
  • Supraorbital artery (correct)

Which cranial nerve exits through the stylomastoid foramen?

  • Vagus Nerve (CN X)
  • Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
  • Facial Nerve (CN VII) (correct)
  • Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

How many zygomatic bones are present in the human skull?

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers of the scalp contains sebaceous glands?

<p>Skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the sutures of the skull?

<p>Sutural ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory supply of the scalp?

<p>Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT considered a facial bone?

<p>Frontal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a branch of the external carotid supply that supplies blood to the posterior scalp?

<p>Posterior Auricular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp?

<p>To connect to dural sinuses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is characterized by a single long axon?

<p>Golgi Type I Neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motor (efferent) neurons?

<p>Convey motor impulses from the CNS to effector organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving stimuli?

<p>Dendrite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron exists in the spinal cord that transmits signals from upper motor neurons?

<p>Lower Motor Neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of Golgi Type II neurons?

<p>Star-like dendrites with a short axon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily involved in conducting impulses through saltatory conduction?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse is typically formed between an axon terminal and the soma of another neuron?

<p>Axosomatic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the cytoplasm of a neuron?

<p>Granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in neurons?

<p>Manufacture and release proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the axon terminals?

<p>Enlarged ends that transfer impulses to other cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily controlled by the primary motor cortex?

<p>Contralateral motor movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is associated with the somatosensory association cortex?

<p>Spatial imagery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex?

<p>Motor sequence programming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is involved in language and auditory processing?

<p>Primary auditory cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anterior prefrontal cortex?

<p>Planning and reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?

<p>Speech fluency and thought cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily aids in recollective memory?

<p>Mammillary bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lobes of the cerebellum is responsible for balance and equilibrium?

<p>Flocculonodular lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the limbic system to other parts of the brain?

<p>Epithalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation of voluntary movement and sensory integration?

<p>Subthalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the primary visual cortex?

<p>Visual perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for secreting melatonin?

<p>Pineal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the cerebellum is crucial for coordination of movement?

<p>Posterior/middle lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain structure serves as the main relay station for all sensory pathways?

<p>Thalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers primarily forms the majority of the cerebellum and enters through the inferior and middle peduncles?

<p>Afferent fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mass of gray matter in the cerebellum is responsible for finely coordinated movements and movements in the distal limbs?

<p>Dentate nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the axons of Purkinje cells primarily synapse?

<p>Deep cerebellar nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the cerebellum controls muscles of the distal limbs, notably the hands and feet?

<p>Intermediate zone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Fastigial nucleus?

<p>Balance and posture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional area contributes to the conscious awareness of movement errors?

<p>Lateral zones of each hemisphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cerebellar efferent fibers play in cerebellar function?

<p>Transmit output to other brain areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which afferent pathway conveys sensory information related to muscle spindle activity?

<p>Anterior/Ventral Spinocerebellar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do cortico-olivocerebellar pathways primarily convey?

<p>Movement initiation and monitoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus is involved in the function of locomotion and extremity coordination?

<p>Emboliform nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Vermis region is associated with which cerebellar function?

<p>Posture and balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT related to the cerebellum?

<p>Muscle memory retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the output of cerebellar cortex?

<p>It includes axons from Purkinje cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of afferent information for the cerebellum?

<p>Extracerebellar locations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the posterior/dorsal spinocerebellar tract convey information about?

<p>Proprioception from muscles and joints of the trunk and lower extremities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is characterized by unilateral symptoms and typically involves the muscles of one cerebellar hemisphere?

<p>Cerebellar Hemisphere Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cerebellar pathway is responsible for influencing ipsilateral motor activity by acting on the red nucleus?

<p>Globose-emboliform Rubral pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with dysfunction of the cerebellar vermis?

<p>Wide-based gait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures conveys head position and movement information for eye reflexes?

<p>Vestibulocerebellar pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

<p>Inability to perform rapid alternating movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflects a disorder of eye movement characterized by a rhythmic oscillation of both eyes at the same rate in both directions?

<p>Pendular nystagmus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway transmits proprioceptive information from the lower extremities to the cerebellum?

<p>Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do lesions in the lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres have on movement initiation?

<p>Delay in initiating movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do climbing fibers convey to the cerebellum?

<p>Influences the timing of muscle contractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is part of the cerebellar afferent pathways that transmits proprioceptive signals from the muscle spindle?

<p>Golgi tendon organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is indicated by an inability to control the distance and speed of movements?

<p>Dysmetria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vestibulospinal tract?

<p>Regulates postural alignment and balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic sign of cerebellar dysfunction affecting the cervicomedullary junction?

<p>Spontaneous nystagmus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Fight or flight response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is commonly released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the arrangement of the meninges from distal to proximal?

<p>Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing the heart rate?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>To transmit signals to the autonomic ganglion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of autonomic nerve pathways?

<p>Two-neuron pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are commonly associated with Horner Syndrome?

<p>Constriction of pupil and drooping eyelid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to heart rate during sympathetic activation?

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pain condition can result from disruption in autonomic nerve functions?

<p>Referred pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?

<p>Enhanced digestive activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of autonomic nerve injury, which function might be affected?

<p>Heart rate regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of relationship do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have?

<p>They complement each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for a patient with a spinal cord injury affecting the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Loss of voluntary control over basic bodily functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the action of norepinephrine differ between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

<p>It acts longer and has a diffuse effect in sympathetic pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by atonic bladder due to autonomic dysfunction?

<p>Bladder distention and overflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bipolar Neurons

Neurons with one process extending from each end of the cell body

Multipolar Neurons

Neurons with one axon and multiple dendrites extending from the cell body

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Neurons that convey motor impulses away from the CNS to effector organs.

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Neurons that conduct sensory impulses from the body towards the CNS.

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Dendrite

The part of the neuron that receives stimuli from other neurons or the peripheral environment

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Axon

A long process responsible for transmitting signals away from the neuron cell body.

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Myelin Sheath

A lipid-rich insulation around the axon that speeds up nerve impulse conduction.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath that are crucial for fast nerve impulse transmission.

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Axodendritic Synapse

A connection between an axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

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Nerve Tracts

Bundles of nerve fibers found within the central nervous system.

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Scalp Skin

Thick, hair-bearing layer of the head with sebaceous glands.

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Connective Tissue (Scalp)

Fibrofatty layer containing blood vessels of the head.

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Aponeurosis (Scalp)

The thin sheet connecting the frontal and occipital muscle bellies.

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Loose Areolar Tissue (Scalp)

Layer of the scalp containing arteries and emissary veins.

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Periosteum

Outermost layer of the skull bones.

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Skull Sutures

Immobile joints of the skull.

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Frontal Cranial Bone

Forms the forehead.

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Parietal Cranial Bone

Forms the sides and roof of the cranium.

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Occipital Cranial Bone

Cranial vault bone that forms the posterior skull

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Temporal Cranial Bone

Cranial bone containing the middle and inner ear structures.

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Primary Motor Cortex

Controls voluntary movements, especially of the face, hand, and wrist. Involved in learned motor sequences.

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Somatosensory Association Cortex

Processes spatial awareness, executes motor actions, supports memory, language, and line bisection judgment.

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Pre-motor and Supplementary Motor Cortex

Plans voluntary movements from sensory information; involved in motor sequence programming and speech.

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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

Regulates intellectual actions and functions; important for decision-making and deception

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Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

Important for memory retrieval, reasoning, problem-solving, planning, and processing emotional stimuli.

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Primary Visual Cortex

The main visual information processing center of the brain.

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Primary Auditory Cortex

Processes language and auditory data

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Fusiform Gyrus

Processes color, recognizes faces, bodies, words, and numbers.

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Wernicke's Area

Involved in understanding language and fluent speech production.

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Broca’s Area

Involved in the motor aspect of speech, or speech praxis.

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Thalamus

Integrates visceral and somatic functions and relays sensory information to other parts of the brain; influences voluntary movement.

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Hypothalamus

Controls the autonomic and endocrine systems; plays a vital role in homeostasis

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Mammillary Bodies

Involved in recollective memory.

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Subthalamus

Involved in muscle control; damage can cause ballismus.

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Pineal Gland

Regulates sleep and reproductive functions by secreting melatonin

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Intrinsic Fiber (Cerebellum)

Connects different regions within the cerebellum.

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Afferent Fiber (Cerebellum)

Forms the majority of cerebellar input, entering via inferior and middle peduncles.

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Efferent Fiber (Cerebellum)

The output fibers of the cerebellum, originating from Purkinje cells and synapsing mostly in cerebellar nuclei.

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Inner White Matter

The location of cerebellar nuclei, embedded within the white matter of the cerebellum.

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Outer Gray Matter

The outer layer of the cerebellum, also known as the cerebellar cortex.

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Dentate Nucleus

The largest cerebellar nuclei, functions for finely coordinated movements and distal limbs.

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Interposed Nuclei

Includes the emboliform and globose nuclei which function for locomotion and extremity coordination.

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Fastigial Nucleus

Functions for posture, muscle tone, balance, and eye movements.

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Intermediate Zone (Cerebellum)

Controls muscles of the distal limbs, especially the hands and feet.

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Lateral Zone (Cerebellum)

Responsible for sequential movement planning of the entire body, conscious awareness of errors

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Vermis (Cerebellum)

Located in the median area of the cerebellum and includes the fastigial nucleus.

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Paravermal Zone

Located between the vermis and the lateral hemisphere; includes the interposed nuclei.

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Corticopontocerebellar Tract

A pathway originating from the cerebral cortex involved in movement planning and adjustment ending in the cerebellar cortex.

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Cerebero-olivocerebellar Tract

A pathway originating from the cerebral cortex involved in movement planning and adjustment and terminating in the inferior olivary nuclei.

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Cerebroreticulocerebellar Tract.

A pathway that conveys motor control from the sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex via the reticular formation.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The part of the peripheral nervous system controlling involuntary body functions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The ANS division that activates the 'fight or flight' response.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The ANS part that facilitates 'rest and digest' functions.

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Preganglionic Neuron

The neuron with its cell body in the CNS, sending signals to a ganglion.

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Postganglionic Neuron

The neuron with its cell body in a ganglion, sending signals to an effector organ.

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Interoceptors

Sensory information from internal organs and blood vessels that monitor the body's internal enviornment.

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Acetylcholine (ACh) - Somatic

The neurotransmitter used by somatic motor neurons.

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Norepinephrine (NE)

The neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, except for sweat glands.

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Acetylcholine (ACh) - Autonomic

The neurotransmitter that parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, and only sympathetic sweat glands release.

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Referred Pain

When pain from an organ is felt in a different, more superficial body part.

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Horner Syndrome

Condition with pupil constriction, drooping eyelid, and reduced sweating on one side of the face.

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Argyll Robertson Pupil

Pupil does not react to light but constricts with accommodation.

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Anticholinesterase Agents

An agent that blocks or inhibits the action of cholinesterase.

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Sympathectomy

The removal of a sympathetic nerve to treat arterial disease.

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Hirschsprung Disease

A condition caused by the lack of development in the myenteric plexus that causes a blockage of feces in the distal colon.

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Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

Transmits muscle and joint control from the trunk and legs to the cerebellum.

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Vestibulocerebellar Pathway

Carries information about head position and movement to help coordinate eye movements.

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Tectocerebellar Pathway

Reflex head turning in response to visual or auditory stimuli.

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Globose-emboliform Rubral Pathway

Influences same-side motor activity via the red nucleus.

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Dentothalamic Pathway

Impacts same-side movement through the thalamus.

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Fastigial Vestibular Pathway

Influences same-side extensor muscle tone.

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Wide-based gait

Walking with feet wide apart, often seen in cerebellar issues.

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Tandem gait difficulty

Difficulty walking in a straight line, often a sign of ataxia.

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Titubation

A rhythmic nodding of the head and body typical of cerebellar issues.

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Nystagmus

Rapid, involuntary eye movements.

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Ataxia

Loss of muscle control causing clumsy movements.

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Dysmetria

Inability to control speed, distance and ROM required for smooth movements.

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Dysdiadochokinesia

Difficulty performing rapid alternating movements.

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Conus Medullaris

A cone shaped tapering off of the spinal cord.

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Dura Mater

The outermost, thick, highly vascular meningeal layer.

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Study Notes

Neuroanatomy Midterm Notes

  • Neurons
    • Neuroglia are cells in the nervous system that are not involved in neural transmission; they provide structure and support.
    • Neuroglia make up 90% of the brain's total mass.
  • Neuroglia Types
    • Astrocytes provide scaffolding, insulate electrically, prevent neurotransmitter spread, store glycogen, and form the blood-brain barrier.
    • Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the CNS, potentially forming up to 60 intermodal segments.
    • Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS.
    • Microglia are scattered within the CNS and increase in response to injury; they are phagocytic and derived from macrophages outside the nervous system.
    • Ependymal cells line brain and spinal cord cavities; these cells are cuboidal or columnar with microvilli and cilia; they contribute to cerebrospinal fluid flow.
  • Neuron
    • Neurons are the basic functional and anatomical unit of the nervous system.
    • They consist of nerve cell bodies and processes.
    • Neurons are excitable, specialized for stimulus reception and impulse conduction, and make up 10% of the brain's total mass.
    • Dendrites receive information from the body and conduct it toward the cell body; dendritic spines are end projections.
    • Axon conducts impulses away from the cell body towards somatic tissues; it arises from the axon hillock.
    • Cell bodies in the brain but outside the cerebral cortex are called nuclei.
    • Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies outside the central nervous system.
    • Nissl substance is RNA and proteins aggregated with rough endoplasmic reticulum; it's involved in protein synthesis and cellular metabolism and quantity and distribution vary across neurons.

Neuron Types

  • (Page 2) Describes neurons based on the number of processes extending from the cell body. Unipolar neurons have one neurite that branches, Bipolar neurons have one neurite at each end, and Multipolar neurons have one axon and many dendrites.
  • (Page 2) Classifies neurons by size, distinguishing between Golgi Type I (long axon) and Golgi Type II (short axon with star-like dendrites).

General Function, Order, Neuron Structure/Cytology

  • (Page 2) Neurons are categorized by function as motor (efferent), sensory (afferent), or association/interneurons.
  • (Page 2) Upper and Lower Motor Neurons transmit signals from the brain to body parts; Upper Motor Neurons initiate these signals while Lower Motor Neurons relay them to effector muscles.
  • (Page 2) Detailed internal structures and cytology of a neuron: Cytoplasm (granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum), endoplasmic reticulum (filled with ribosomes), ribosomes (protein manufacturers), lysosomes (intracellular scavengers), mitochondria (energy producers), Golgi complex (protein processing), centrioles (cell division), and neurofibrils (cytoskeleton).

External Structures

  • (Page 3) Describes the outer structures of a neuron including dendrites, axons, axolemma, axoplasm, axon terminals, myelin sheaths (produced by Schwann cells in the PNS and Oligodendrocytes in the CNS), and Nodes of Ranvier (unmyelinated portions).

Types of Synapses

  • (Page 3) Different types of synapses based on the locations of connections: axodendritic (between axon terminal and dendrite, most common), axosomatic (between axon terminal and soma), axoaxonic (between two axons), and dendrodendritic (between two dendrites).

Gross Anatomy of the Head

  • (Page 4-5) Explains the structures and features of the scalp, including skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and periosteum. Further analysis includes Arterial Supply, Venous Drainage and Sensory Supply. Finally, Facial features and the Skull (bones and sutures) are analysed.

Central Nervous System

  • (Page 6-7) Details the brain, highlighting the left and right hemispheres, functions of each and potential clinical relevance of strokes.
  • (Page 6-7) Further details the subdivisions of the forebrain, particularly focusing on the cerebral cortex. The central sulcus and other key structures are referenced.
  • (Page 7) Focuses on the structures and functions of specific brain regions including the frontal lobe, temporal lobes, parietal lobes, and occipital lobe.

Connections of Neurons and Brodmann Areas

  • (Page 8) Elaborates on the areas associated with brain function (e.g., the cingulate gyrus, callosal sulcus, and corpus callosum) and the associated Brodmann Area numbers. Further subdividing the function of different areas of the brain. Includes various tracts within the brain.

Motor/Sensory Homunculus and Diencephalon

  • (Page 10) Provides graphic representations (homunculi) of the brain mapping motor and sensory functions within the body. The diencephalon as part of the forebrain is discussed, particularly the thalamus.

Brain Stem, Spinal Cord (Structures, and Coverings)

  • (Page 11-17) Examines, the brain stem, its subdivisions, functions and significance, and specifically the spinal cord, its components and various coverings including the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Explores ascending/descending pathways.

Cranial & Spinal Nerves

  • (Page 17-19, 20) Discusses cranial and spinal nerves, their locations, exits from the skull, and functional significance. Describes tracts involved in transmission of information related to motor and sensory input.

Descending & Ascending Tracts

  • (Page 19-20) Focuses on the pathway of sensory and motor information within the CNS, particularly highlighting the location and function of various tracts (e.g., corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal and spinocerebellar tracts).

Cerebellar Motor/Efferent Pathways

  • (Page 15) Examines specific cerebellar functions (motor pathways) influenced by anatomical subdivisions. Provides locations and destinations along with their influence on pathways.

Cerebellar Disease

  • (Page 15) Categorizes and details different types of dysfunctions, including gait, stance, and reflex abnormalities related to cerebellar disease.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • (Page 23-24) Explains the structure and activity of the two components (sympathetic and parasympathetic) of the ANS including their neurotransmitters (ACh, norepinephrine), ganglia location, efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) pathways and specific related functions.

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems, Referred Pain, and Specific Nervous System Injuries

  • (Page 25-26, 27-28) Discusses function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Expands on the referred pain phenomenon and conditions that may damage the nervous system, particularly those related to sympathetic or parasympathetic injuries impacting the bladder, digestion, and related activity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the scalp and its associated structures, including blood supply, nerves, and neuron types. This quiz covers essential functions and components related to cranial anatomy and neurology. Dive deep into these fascinating topics to enhance your understanding of human biology.

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