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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the nervous system?
To communicate through electrical impulses every thoughts, actions, and emotions
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
Monitor changes, process and interpret sensory input, and effect a response
What is the anatomical, functional, and embryological unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
What is the site where impulses pass from one neuron to another?
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What are the two main components of the nervous system?
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What protects the brain and spinal cord?
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What is the structure that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body?
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What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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What is the name of the first cranial nerve?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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What are the two roots of a spinal nerve?
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What is the function of the anterior rami of a spinal nerve?
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What is the sympathetic system connected to centrally?
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What is the function of the sympathetic system?
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What is the term for the nerve that is mixed (motor and sensory)?
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What is the outermost layer of the three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord?
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What are the two major functions of the meninges?
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What are the three main subdivisions of the brain?
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What is the central narrow cavity in the spinal cord called?
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How many segments does the spinal cord divide into?
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What is the function of sensory tracts in the spinal cord?
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What is the source of sympathetic fibers in the spinal cord?
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What is the thin, fibrous inner layer of the meninges that firmly adheres to the brain and spinal cord?
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Study Notes
General Anatomy of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body, communicating through electrical impulses.
- Functions of the nervous system: monitor changes, process and interpret sensory input, and effect a response.
Neuron
- The neuron is the anatomical, functional, and embryological unit of the nervous system.
- Components of a neuron: cell body, axon (nerve fiber), and dendrites.
- The axon carries nerve impulses away from the cell body, while dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body.
Synapse
- A synapse is the site where impulses pass from one neuron to another by contact of the axon of one neuron with the dendrites of the other.
Components of the Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain and spinal cord are protected by bones, cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), and meninges.
Meninges
- Three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
- Function of meninges: provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature, and act with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage.
Subdivisions of the Brain
- Cerebrum: two cerebral hemispheres.
- Brainstem: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
- Cerebellum: two cerebellar hemispheres.
Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum of the skull and ends at the level of the lower border of the 1st or upper border of the 2nd lumbar vertebra.
- It is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal segment.
- In transverse section, the spinal cord shows outer white matter and inner gray matter.
Peripheral Nervous System
- Cranial nerves: 12 pairs, named accordingly.
- Spinal nerves: 31 pairs, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal spinal nerves.
- Structure of spinal nerve: connected to the spinal cord by two roots, anterior (motor) and posterior roots (sensory), and divides into large anterior ramus and small posterior ramus.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The sympathetic system: connected centrally to the spinal cord segments from the first thoracic to the third lumbar (thoraco-lumbar), and prepares the body for emergency.
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Description
Learn about the structure and division of nervous tissues, components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the formation of spinal nerves.
