Nervous and Plant Tissue Quiz

Nervous Tissue

• Nerve tissue is found in the brain and the spinal cord, it is called the central nervous system.
• Nerve tissue outside the central nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system.

Types of Nerve Tissue

• Sensory neurons: Conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system.
• Motor neurons: Conduct impulses from the central nervous system to effectors (muscles and glands).
• Interneurons: Conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Plant Tissues

• Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
• Meristematic tissue: Actively dividing tissue where new cells are formed.
• Permanent tissue: Differentiated to perform specific functions.

Types of Permanent Tissue

• Parenchyma: Thin-walled cells with large vacuoles, found in leaves, stems, and roots.
• Collenchyma: Thickened cell walls, provide support, found in stems, leaves, and petioles.
• Sclerenchyma: Thick, rigid cell walls, provide strength and support.
• Xylem: Transports water and mineral salts from roots to the rest of the plant.
• Phloem: Transports organic substances from leaves to the rest of the plant.
• Epidermis: Outermost layer, protects the plant body, and controls gas exchange.

Meristematic Tissue

• Apical meristem: Found at tips of roots and stems, responsible for growth in length.
• Lateral meristem: Found between xylem and phloem in dicotyledonous plants, responsible for growth in thickness.

Leaf Structure

• Epidermis: Protective layer, covered with waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.
• Mesophyll: Contains palisade and spongy parenchyma cells with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
• Vascular bundles: Contain xylem for water transport and phloem for food transport.
• Stomata: Openings for gas exchange and transpiration.

Stem Structure

• Epidermis: Outer layer, provides protection.
• Cortex: Contains collenchyma, parenchyma, and endodermis.
• Central cylinder: Contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) and pith (parenchyma cells).
• Cambium: Meristematic tissue between xylem and phloem, responsible for secondary thickening.

Water and Mineral Salt Uptak by Roots

• Water moves by osmosis from the soil to the root hairs.
• The pressure that builds up in the root hair is called turgor pressure.
• Water moves through the root cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and then into the xylem.

Upward Movement of Water in Plants

• Capillarity: Water moves upward in the xylem due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of water.
• Root pressure: Pressure generated in the roots pushes water upward.
• Transpiration pull: The loss of water vapor from the leaves creates a tension (suction force) that pulls water upward from the roots.

Translocation of Food

• Translocation is the movement of organic substances from leaves to other parts of the plant.
• It occurs in the phloem, driven by pressure gradients.

Transpiration

• Loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant, mainly through stomata.
• Factors affecting transpiration rate: temperature, humidity, wind, and light.
• Adaptations to reduce transpiration: small leaves, thorns, hairs, sunken stomata, and stomatal closure.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, thick walls with elastic fibers.
• Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, thinner walls than arteries, contain valves to prevent backflow.
• Capillaries: Small, thin-walled vessels connecting arteries and veins, facilitate exchange of substances between blood and cells.

Test your knowledge on the types and functions of nervous and plant tissues. This quiz covers the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as meristematic and permanent tissues in plants. Get ready to explore the fascinating world of biology!