Nervous and Endocrine Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

  • To store memories
  • To process visual information
  • To connect the brain to the peripheral nervous system (correct)
  • To produce hormones

What type of sensory receptor is primarily involved in detecting light?

  • Thermoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors (correct)
  • Chemoreceptors

Which characteristic differentiates rods from cones?

  • Rods contain rhodopsin, while cones contain chlorophyll
  • Rods function best in low-light conditions, while cones require bright light (correct)
  • Rods are responsible for color vision, while cones detect black and white
  • Rods are located in the fovea, while cones are distributed throughout the retina

What is the role of ciliary muscles in the eye?

<p>To change the shape of the lens for focusing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sound waves generate vibrations in the middle ear?

<p>By striking the tympanum (eardrum) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a vitamin A deficiency regarding vision?

<p>Night blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear contains the organ of Corti?

<p>Cochlea of the inner ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are semicircular canals responsible for in the inner ear?

<p>Maintaining dynamic equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor is stimulated by chemicals like those found in taste and smell?

<p>Chemoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures amplify sound vibrations in the middle ear?

<p>Ossicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons is responsible for conducting nerve impulses?

<p>Myelinated neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of excitatory neurotransmitters?

<p>To increase Na+ permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows depolarization in an action potential?

<p>Repolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes unmyelinated neurons compared to myelinated neurons?

<p>Responsible for processing information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of synaptic transmission across a synapse?

<p>Chemical event (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of negative feedback loops in the endocrine system?

<p>They stabilize hormone levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the refractory period in an action potential?

<p>Inability to fire another action potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do receptors play in the neurotransmitter signaling process?

<p>They bind to neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components is NOT a stage in an action potential?

<p>Threshold state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of neurotransmitters distinguishes excitatory neurotransmitters from inhibitory ones?

<p>They increase the likelihood of reaching threshold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of acetylcholine in muscle cells?

<p>Causing contraction of muscle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be inhibitory and helps control motor behavior?

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs first when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?

<p>Calcium channels open (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily excitatory in nature?

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do inhibitory neurotransmitters hyperpolarize membranes?

<p>By increasing permeability to K+ or Cl- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cholinesterase in synaptic transmission?

<p>To break down acetylcholine after its release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of neurotransmitter vesicles in the axon terminal?

<p>Influx of calcium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do excitatory neurotransmitters play in the neuron?

<p>They increase the likelihood of depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a crucial role in regulating wakefulness?

<p>Norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors?

<p>They are released and can return to the presynaptic neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger that transmits signals between neurons.

Cholinesterase

The enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine after an action potential, preventing continuous muscle contraction.

Excitatory Summation

When multiple neurons release neurotransmitters that cause the postsynaptic membrane to reach threshold and generate an action potential.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

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GABA

A neurotransmitter that inhibits motor behavior, particularly in the brain.

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Neurotransmitter Release

The process by which neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron.

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Receptor

The specific site where a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane.

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Synaptic Cleft

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons where neurotransmitters travel.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.

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Somatic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that controls voluntary actions like movement and speech.

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Myelinated Neurons

The myelinated neurons make up the "white matter" of the brain and are responsible for conducting nerve impulses faster and more efficiently. They can regenerate after injury.

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Unmyelinated Neurons

The unmyelinated neurons make up the "grey matter" of the brain and are responsible for processing information and generating nerve impulses. They cannot regenerate after injury.

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Receptor Neurons

These neurons receive signals from sensory receptors throughout the body, converting external stimuli into electrical signals.

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Interneurons

These neurons process and transmit information between sensory and motor neurons, forming the connection between the input and output pathways.

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Effector Neurons

These neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, triggering responses.

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Polarized state

The state of a neuron when it is not actively transmitting a signal. The inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside.

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Depolarization

The process where the membrane potential of a neuron rapidly becomes more positive due to the influx of sodium ions. This is the initial phase of an action potential.

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Repolarization

The process where the membrane potential of a neuron returns to its resting state after depolarization. This is achieved by the efflux of potassium ions.

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Refractory Period

A brief period after an action potential where the neuron is less likely to generate another action potential. It ensures the unidirectional travel of a nerve impulse.

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Synapse

The space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron across which nerve impulses are transmitted.

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What is the CNS?

The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center of the body, made up of the brain and spinal cord.

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How do neurons work in the spinal cord?

Sensory neurons carry information from the body TO the spinal cord, while motor neurons relay information FROM the spinal cord to effectors (muscles and glands).

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What are photoreceptors?

Photoreceptors are light-sensitive cells that respond to light. Example: rods and cones in the retina.

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What are chemoreceptors?

Chemoreceptors detect the presence of chemicals. Examples: taste buds on the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose.

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What are mechanoreceptors?

Mechanoreceptors respond to pressure or touch stimuli. Example: hair cells in the inner ear.

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What are thermoreceptors?

Thermoreceptors are stimulated by heat or cold. Example: nerve endings in the skin.

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What are rods and cones?

Rods are light-sensitive cells that respond to low-intensity light and detect black and white. Cones are light-sensitive cells that respond to high-intensity light and identify colour.

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How does the eye focus light?

The ciliary muscles surrounding the lens change its shape to focus light onto the retina.

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How do hair cells in the cochlea work?

The organ of Corti is located in the cochlea and contains hair cells that are stimulated by pressure changes, leading to an action potential that travels to the temporal lobe of the brain.

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How do semicircular canals contribute to balance?

The semicircular canals are filled with fluid and help maintain dynamic equilibrium. If these fluids leak/increase or if the canals don't flex properly, it can lead to balance disorders and/or vertigo.

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Study Notes

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  • Nervous system is responsible for fast responses via nerve impulses.
  • Endocrine system regulates long-term processes through hormones.

Nervous System Breakdown

  • 5 marks, 1NR:
    • Neuron (2 marks): Basic unit of the nervous system.
    • Impulse (1 mark): Electrical signal transmitted along a neuron.
    • Synaptic transmission (2 marks): Communication between neurons at synapses.
  • 5 marks, 1NR:
    • Brain (2 marks): Control centre of the nervous system.
    • Eye & Ear (2-3 marks): Sensory organs responsible for sight and hearing.

Endocrine System Breakdown

  • Glands & Hormones (2 marks): Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones.
  • Specific Hormone Functions (2 marks): Functions of various hormones and their effects.
  • Negative Feedback Loops (ie TSH, ACTH) (1 mark): Regulation of hormone release.
  • What if (1 mark): Consequences of hormone imbalances.
  • Disorder (1 mark): Conditions resulting from malfunctions.

Myelination

  • Myelinated neurons ("white matter"): Conduct nerve impulses rapidly. Can regenerate.
  • Unmyelinated neurons (“grey matter"): Process information and generate impulses. Cannot regenerate.

Nerve Impulse Transmission

  • If Q (structures in the diagram) are absent, the speed of transmission decreases.

Brain Cell Regeneration

  • The assumption that brain cells can't regenerate was based on a characteristic of axons in the central nervous system: they lack neurilemma.

3 Types of Neurons

  • Sensory neuron: Carries signal from receptor to interneuron.
  • Interneuron: Connects sensory and motor neurons.
  • Motor neuron: Carries signal from interneuron to effector.

Example: Signal Transmission Across Synapse

  • Signal must cross the synapse (space between axon terminal and dendrite).
  • Neurotransmitters are released, diffuse across synapse, and bind to receptors.

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

  • Depolarize membranes by increasing Na+ permeability.
  • Eg. Acetylcholine: Involved in muscle contraction. Cholinesterase breaks it down after.

Excitatory Neurotransmitters: Summation

  • Multiple neurons firing release neurotransmitters to depolarize the postsynaptic membrane.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

  • Hyperpolarize membranes by increasing K+ or Cl− permeability.
  • Example: GABA inhibits motor behaviour.

Steps of Neurotransmitter Release

  • Action potential reaches axon terminal; Opens Ca2+ channels.
  • Ca2+ flows into the axon terminal, triggering neurotransmitter vesicles movement toward the presynaptic membrane.
  • Vesicles fuse to the axon terminal membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.
  • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane.

Common Neurotransmitters

  • acetylcholine : Excitatory/inhibitory; neuromuscular junctions, CNS, PNS.
  • norepinephrine : Excitatory/inhibitory; CNS, PNS.
  • dopamine : Generally excitatory; CNS, PNS.
  • serotonin : Generally inhibitory; CNS.
  • GABA : Inhibitory; CNS.

Pathway of Sound (Outer & Middle Ear)

  • Pinna directs sound waves to the auditory canal.
  • Tympanic membrane vibrates, amplifying vibrations.
  • Vibrations transmitted through the ossicles.
  • Vibrations on the oval window create pressure changes in the inner ear.

Pathway of Sound: Inner Ear

  • Pressure changes stimulate hair cell movement in the cochlea.
  • Hair cell movement generates an action potential.
  • Action potential travels to the temporal lobe for interpretation.

Balance: Inner Ear

  • Pressure changes generate waves in the semicircular canals.
  • Fluid leaks/volume issues influence balance.

Photoreception

  • Vision due to stimulation of photoreceptors (rods & cones).
  • Conversion of light energy into electrochemical impulses.
  • Ciliary muscles adjust lens shape for focusing.

Rods vs. Cones

  • Rods respond to low light, detect black and white.
  • Cones respond to bright light, detect colour.

Eye Structures & Functions

  • Lens: Focuses light.
  • Iris: Controls pupil size.
  • Cornea: Protects the eye and refracts light.
  • Optic nerve: Carries nerve impulses to the brain.
  • Retina: Converts light energy to nerve impulses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the nervous and endocrine systems! This quiz covers the basic units of the nervous system, such as neurons and synapses, as well as the functions of endocrine glands and hormones. Challenge yourself with questions on feedback loops and the impacts of hormone imbalances.

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