Nerve Impulse Transmission and Hormone Action
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Questions and Answers

How does the intensity of a stimulus affect nerve impulses?

A strong stimulus produces more nerve impulses in a given time compared to a weak stimulus.

What role do calcium ions play when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal?

Calcium ions flow into the pre-synaptic axon terminal, activating neurotransmitter release.

What happens to synaptic vesicles when calcium ions enter the axon terminal?

Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane, releasing neurotransmitters through exocytosis.

How do neurotransmitters affect the next neuron in the synaptic transmission process?

<p>Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the next neuron's membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of neurotransmitter receptors in synaptic communication.

<p>Neurotransmitter receptors are critical for responding to neurotransmitters, allowing neuronal communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a key factor that influences the release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals.

<p>The influx of calcium ions is a key factor that triggers the release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called by which neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?

<p>The process is known as exocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how the axon terminal's role is essential in neurotransmission.

<p>The axon terminal is vital as it releases neurotransmitters that enable communication between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hormone-receptor complex influence gene expression in adaptive traits?

<p>The hormone-receptor complex activates specific genes that control the formation of particular proteins, contributing to adaptive traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is heterozygote advantage and how can it relate to hormone action in natural selection?

<p>Heterozygote advantage occurs when individuals with two different alleles at a locus have a higher fitness, potentially influenced by hormones that regulate gene expression for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does natural selection impact the formation of proteins through gene activation?

<p>Natural selection leads to the survival of individuals with beneficial traits, which are regulated by the activation of genes that produce advantageous proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can dysfunction in hormone-receptor complexes lead to genetic disorders in humans?

<p>Dysfunction in hormone-receptor complexes can cause improper gene activation, leading to the formation of faulty proteins and resulting in genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the connection between evolutionary theory and the role of gene regulation by hormone-receptor complexes.

<p>Evolutionary theory implies that species evolve through the regulation of genes by hormone-receptor complexes, which affect traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do gene promoters play in the context of adaptive traits and hormonal influence?

<p>Gene promoters are regions where hormone-receptor complexes bind to initiate gene transcription, altering the expression of genes linked to adaptive traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is gene activation through hormone-receptor complexes essential in understanding human genetic disorders?

<p>Gene activation through hormone-receptor complexes is significant as disruptions can result in malfunctions that contribute to various human genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you describe how the hormone-receptor complex might affect evolutionary advantages in a population?

<p>The hormone-receptor complex can create evolutionary advantages by regulating genes that enhance traits necessary for survival in changing environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a hormone to trigger an amplification effect in the body?

<p>Enzyme amplification allows a hormone to increase the number of reacting molecules significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hormones after they have produced their required effect?

<p>Hormones must be cleared from the system by being broken down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the body maintains homeostasis in relation to hormone levels.

<p>The body regulates hormone secretion very closely to avoid oversecretion or undersecretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative feedback in hormone secretion?

<p>Negative feedback regulates hormone levels by producing responses that counteract the initial stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the secretions of the pituitary gland controlled?

<p>Pituitary gland secretions are controlled by the hypothalamus through hormone transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most hormones broken down in the body?

<p>Most hormones are broken down in the liver and kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be the consequence of abnormal hormone secretion?

<p>Abnormal secretion can cause the body to function abnormally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a physiological process regulated by hormones?

<p>Osmoregulation is a key physiological process regulated by hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary organs involved in the clearance of most hormones?

<p>The primary organs involved in hormone clearance are the liver and kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does enzyme amplification impact hormonal signaling?

<p>Enzyme amplification enhances the strength and duration of hormonal signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nerve Impulse Transmission

  • A strong stimulus generates more nerve impulses within a set timeframe than a weak stimulus.

Transmission Across a Synapse

  • When the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, it activates voltage-gated calcium ion channels.
  • Calcium ions flow into the presynaptic axon terminal due to a higher concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid.
  • This influx of calcium causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane, releasing neurotransmitters by exocytosis.
  • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and attach to receptors on the membrane of the next neuron.
  • The hormone-receptor complex activates genes that control the formation of specific proteins. This happens through binding to the promoter section of a specific gene.

Enzyme Amplification

  • Hormones trigger a cascading effect, amplifying the number of reacting molecules hundreds or thousands of times.

Hormone Clearance

  • Once a hormone has exerted its intended effect, it needs to be deactivated.
  • This is achieved by breaking down the hormone molecule.
  • Some hormones are broken down within the target cells.
  • Most hormones are broken down in the liver and kidneys.
  • The degraded hormones are then excreted in the bile or urine.

Control of Hormone Secretions

  • To maintain homeostasis, the amount of hormone secreted must be closely regulated.
  • Oversupply or undersupply of a hormone can cause the body to function abnormally.
  • Hormones are regulated through negative feedback mechanisms.
  • The response to the stimulus is opposite.
  • For example, in osmoregulation, the secretions of the pituitary gland are controlled by the hypothalamus through hormone transport via nerve cells or via the vascular link between them.
  • The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus through an infundibulum.
  • The hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland are connected by nerve fibres that transport hormones.

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Human Biology Units 3 and 4 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the processes involved in nerve impulse transmission and hormone action, including synaptic transmission and enzyme amplification. Test your knowledge on how neurotransmitters and hormones function in the nervous system and their effects on cellular processes.

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