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Questions and Answers
Which condition is most commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome in children?
Which condition is most commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome in children?
What characteristic finding is associated with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis on H&E stain?
What characteristic finding is associated with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis on H&E stain?
Which of the following is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults?
Which of the following is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults?
What distinguishes Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis from other nephrotic syndromes?
What distinguishes Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis from other nephrotic syndromes?
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What is a common complication due to hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome?
What is a common complication due to hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome?
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Which type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with a poor response to steroids and may progress to chronic renal failure?
Which type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with a poor response to steroids and may progress to chronic renal failure?
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In which condition is hypercoagulability primarily due to the loss of antithrombin III?
In which condition is hypercoagulability primarily due to the loss of antithrombin III?
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What finding on electron microscopy is characteristic of Membranous Nephropathy?
What finding on electron microscopy is characteristic of Membranous Nephropathy?
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Study Notes
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Characterized by proteinuria greater than 3.5 grams per day
- Leads to hypoalbuminemia (low albumin) causing pitting edema
- Also causes hypogammaglobulinemia (low immunoglobulins), increasing infection risk
- Associated with a hypercoagulable state due to antithrombin III loss
- Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia may result in fatty casts in urine
Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
- Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
- Usually idiopathic (no known cause)
- May be associated with Hodgkin lymphoma
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
- Common nephrotic syndrome cause among Hispanics and African Americans
- Often idiopathic, but associated with HIV, heroin use, and sickle cell disease
- Characterized by focal and segmental sclerosis in glomeruli
- Shows effacement of foot processes on EM (electron microscopy)
- Poor response to steroids, often progressing to chronic renal failure
Membranous Nephropathy
- Most common nephrotic syndrome in Caucasians
- Often idiopathic but associated with Hepatitis B or C, cancers, or autoimmune diseases
- Characterized by thick glomerular basement membrane
- Subepithelial deposits with "spike and dome" appearance on EM (electron microscopy)
- Poor response to steroids, progresses to chronic renal failure
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Characterized by a thick glomerular basement membrane often with a "tram-track" appearance
- Caused by immune complex deposition, indicated by granular immunofluorescence
- Two types: Type I (subendothelial deposits; often with HBV and HCV) and Type II (intramembranous deposits; associated with C3 nephritic factor)
- Often poor response to steroids, progresses to chronic renal failure
Diabetes Mellitus
- High serum glucose causes non-enzymatic glycosylation of the glomerular basement membrane
- Results in hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Systemic Amyloidosis
- Kidney is a common target organ
- Characterized by amyloid deposits in the mesangium, causing nephrotic syndrome
- Shows apple-green birefringence under polarized light after Congo red staining
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Description
Test your knowledge on nephrotic syndrome, including its causes, symptoms, and associated conditions. Explore detailed information about Minimal Change Disease, Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, and Membranous Nephropathy, as well as their impact on kidney function. This quiz is ideal for medical students and healthcare professionals.
