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Nephrology: Kidney Function and Renal Diseases
318 Questions
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Nephrology: Kidney Function and Renal Diseases

Created by
@MeaningfulSugilite1751

Questions and Answers

What is the first treatment given to a patient with hyperkalemia?

  • Insulin
  • Calcium gluconate (correct)
  • Sodium bicarbonate
  • Resins

    • What hormone is the main regulator of calcium in the body?

    Parathyroid hormone

    Hypocalcemia is associated with muscle weakness.

    True

    Hypercalcemia is defined by total calcium levels greater than _ mmol/L.

    <p>2.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following signs/symptoms with the corresponding condition: Tetany, Muscle Weakness, Polyuria

    <p>Tetany = Hypocalcemia Muscle Weakness = Hypercalcemia Polyuria = Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly affects the sodium concentration ratio in the body?

    <p>Water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a disorder of water balance rather than sodium balance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Hyponatremia.

    <p>Hyponatremia is a condition in which the serum sodium concentration is less than 135 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause low sodium concentration due to accumulation of plasma constituents like triglycerides and proteins? Pseudohy__natremia.

    <p>ponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions of hyponatremia: [Acute], [Chronic], [Mild], [Moderate], [Profound]

    <p>Hyponatremia documented to exist for less than 48 hours = Acute Hyponatremia documented to exist for at least 48 hours = Chronic Serum sodium concentration between 130 and 135 mmol/L = Mild Serum sodium concentration between 125 and 129 mmol/L = Moderate Serum sodium concentration lower than 125 mmol/L = Profound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities obtained?

    <p>By urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used to treat a hypovolemic patient with extrarenal salt loss?

    <p>Isotonic saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate water deficit in a patient with hypernatremia?

    <p>Water deficit = TBW x ([Na+]s/140-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia always reflects a __________ state.

    <p>hyperosmolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia is always a water problem, never a salt problem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with Diabetes insipidus: Altered mental status, Polyuria, Muscle twitching

    <p>Altered mental status = Central DI Polyuria = Nephrogenic DI Muscle twitching = Central DI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the kidneys?

    <p>Clearing the body from wastes and toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nocturia can be an early sign of renal dysfunction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>90-120 ml/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of __________ in the blood may indicate that the kidneys are not clearing wastes properly.

    <p>urea and serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptom with the condition:

    1. Peaked T waves
    2. Muscle weakness
    3. Prolonged QRS complex
    4. Cardiac arrhythmias

    <p>1 = hyperkalemia 2 = hyperkalemia 3 = hyperkalemia 4 = hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of the kidney?

    <p>Monitoring blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal substance used to evaluate glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthy individual has ___ nephrons.

    <p>2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with hyperkalemia:

    <p>Muscle weakness or paralysis = Symptom of hyperkalemia Cardiac arrhythmias = Symptom of hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value for sodium in the body?

    <p>140</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone mainly regulates osmolarity by regulating water reabsorption at the collecting duct?

    <p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal osmolality is usually _____ mOsm/kg.

    <p>285-295</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition where sodium concentration in the blood is higher than 135 mmol/L.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms:

    1. Hyponatremia
    2. SIADH (Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)
    3. Hypovolemic hyponatremia
    4. Hypervolemic hyponatremia

    <p>A. Condition where sodium concentration is low = 1 B. Syndrome characterised by excessive ADH release = 2 C. Sodium loss due to extrarenal salt loss = 3 D. Sodium increase causing increased blood volume = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the first treatment given to a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is unusual in healthy patients. Is this statement true or false according to the content?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is the main calcium regulator in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with _______, which is neuromuscular irritability.

    <p>tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their respective electrolyte imbalance: Muscle weakness, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Dehydration

    <p>Muscle weakness = Hypercalcemia Polyuria = Hypercalcemia Polydipsia = Hypercalcemia Dehydration = Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in treating a hypovolemic patient with extrarenal salt loss?

    <p>Administer isotonic saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended drugs to use in a hypervolemic patient with hyponatremia?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium concentration provides information about total body salt or volume status.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The opposite of SIADH is _____________.

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with Diabetes insipidus: Altered mental status, Muscle twitching, Seizures

    <p>Altered mental status = Signs and symptoms of Diabetes insipidus Muscle twitching = Signs and symptoms of Diabetes insipidus Seizures = Signs and symptoms of Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the water deficit calculated in a patient with hypernatremia?

    <p>Water deficit = TBW x ([Na+]s/140-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis for asymptomatic urinary abnormalities typically obtained?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of proteinuria in asymptomatic urinary abnormalities?

    <p>Higher than 150 mg/day but lower than 3g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be detected by a dipstick test in asymptomatic urinary abnormalities?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome in terms of proteinuria?

    <p>Higher than 3.5g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first sign of renal dysfunction according to the clinical case?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of serum creatinine and urea are associated with proper kidney function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal range of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is ____ ml/min.

    <p>90-120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following signs/symptoms with hyperkalemia:

    <p>Muscle weakness or paralysis = Associated with hyperkalemia Cardiac arrhythmias = Associated with hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most simple lab test used to evaluate kidney functionality?

    <p>Serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia always reflects a hyperosmolar state.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate water deficit in hypernatremia?

    <p>Water deficit = TBW x ([Na+]s/140-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macroscopic hematuria is characterized by the presence of visible _________ in the urine.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities obtained?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of proteinuria is typically seen in asymptomatic urinary abnormalities?

    <p>higher than 150 mg/day but lower than 3g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microscopic hematuria is characterized by isomorphic erythrocytes only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of proteinuria associated with nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>higher than 3.5g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal osmolarity range in the body?

    <p>285-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in the patient losing a great amount of proteins in the urine?

    <p>Nephrotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is the most common disorder of body fluid and electrolyte balance encountered in clinical practice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition in which ______ is less than 135 mmol/L.

    <p>Na^+^</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pseudohyponatremia?

    <p>Accumulation of other plasma constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions based on time of development:

    <p>Acute = Hyponatremia documented to exist for less than 48 hours Chronic = Hyponatremia documented to exist for at least 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment given to a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)?

    <p>Excessive release of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmotic demyelination syndrome is a reversible neurological condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to shift potassium back into cells to lower potassium levels?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with muscle weakness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safe recommended increase in serum sodium concentration per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome?

    <p>10 mmol/24 hr or 18 mmol/48 hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypocalcemia, we expect ____ PTH.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormone with its role in calcium regulation:

    <p>Parathyroid hormone = Main calcium regulator Calcitonin = Counteracts the effects of PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for a patient with symptomatic hypercalcemia?

    <p>intravenous hydration with isotonic saline and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis obtained for asymptomatic urinary abnormalities?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteinuria in asymptomatic urinary abnormalities is typically higher than the normal range of _____ mg/day.

    <p>150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is edema the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first sign of renal dysfunction mentioned in the clinical case of Antonio?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone do kidneys produce to stimulate red blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of proteinuria and hemoglobin in Antonio's urinalysis indicates alteration in the __________.

    <p>glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following electrolytes with their abnormal levels found in Antonio's blood tests:

    <p>Low sodium (Na) = 7.8 mg/dl High potassium (K) = 9.1mg/dl Low calcium (Ca) = 5.8 mmol/L High phosphorus (P) = 8.2 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is a common condition in healthy individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for osmolality in the body?

    <p>285-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypovolemia?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Dysnatremias are primarily disorders of sodium balance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia is a condition in which water deficit leads to dehydration and sodium concentration is greater than __ mmol/L.

    <p>135</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main solute other than sodium that can cause a relative decrease in sodium concentration despite unchanged plasma osmolality?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of hyponatremia with its main causes:

    <p>Hypovolemic hyponatremia = Extrarenal salt loss such as diuretics Hypervolemic hyponatremia = Heart failure, liver disease Euvolemic hyponatremia = Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended rate of sodium increase in correcting hyponatremia to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome?

    <p>10 mmol/24 hr or 18 mmol/48 hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment recommended for a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to shift potassium back into cells for the treatment of hyperkalemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in treating a severe symptomatic case of hyponatremia?

    <p>Administer a hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is unusual in healthy patients. True or False?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe symptomatic hyponatremia should always be rapidly corrected to avoid complications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with ______, which is neuromuscular irritability.

    <p>tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a hypervolemic patient with hyponatremia?

    <p>diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments with the corresponding condition: Intravenous hydration with isotonic saline, Bisphosphonates, Loop diuretics, Glucocorticoids and Dialysis.

    <p>Hypercalcemia = Dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is always a _ problem, just sometimes a salt problem.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is the main calcium regulator in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus with their description:

    <p>Altered mental status = CNS-related symptom Polyuria and polydipsia = Main characteristic of DI Muscle twitching = Neurological symptom Hyperreflexia and spasticity = Neurological symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of hypercalcemia when the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are high?

    <p>Primary hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia can be aggravated by a high-calcium diet. True or False?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysnatremias are disorders of water homeostasis, not disorders of ______.

    <p>sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first sign of renal dysfunction if the patient does not take large doses of diuretics?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are important indicators of renal function in the blood tests mentioned?

    <p>Serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates bone marrow to produce white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of kidneys is to act as filters, clearing the body from wastes and returning vital substances into the bloodstream. Two important wastes that should be eliminated are serum creatinine and _____.

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the condition:

    1. Muscle weakness or paralysis
    2. Cardiac arrhythmias

    <p>Hyperkalemia = Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment given to a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypercalcemia, what is the main treatment used to lower serum calcium concentration?

    <p>Isotonic saline and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with muscle weakness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The system that regulates the amount of sodium in the body is the __________.

    <p>RAAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key treatment for a hypovolemic patient with extrarenal salt loss?

    <p>Isotonic saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia can be both a water problem and a salt problem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most basic lab test used to evaluate kidney functionality?

    <p>Serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypernatremia, the sodium concentration is higher than ______ mmol/L.

    <p>145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Diabetes insipidus causes with their descriptions:

    <p>Central DI = Due to deficiency of ADH Nephrogenic DI = Due to being unresponsive to ADH Gestational DI = Due to degradation of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the diagnosis of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities be obtained?

    <p>By urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities?

    <p>Higher proteinuria than normal range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, hematuria can be detected by a dipstick test if there are more than 2 ___ cells per high power field.

    <p>red blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is nephrotic syndrome characterized by proteinuria higher than 3.5g/day?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal osmolarity range?

    <p>285-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysnatremias are mainly disorders of which balance?

    <p>Water balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is the most common disorder of body fluid and electrolyte balance encountered in clinical practice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition in which sodium concentration is mmol/L.

    <p>135</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hyponatremia classification with the correct serum sodium concentration range:

    <p>Mild = 130-135 mmol/L Moderate = 125-129 mmol/L Profound = Lower than 125 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of euvolemic hyponatremia?

    <p>SIADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause pseudohyponatremia?

    <p>Accumulation of triglycerides and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia symptoms are primarily due to peripheral nerve dysfunction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmotic demyelination syndrome occurs when hyponatremia is corrected too .

    <p>rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended sodium concentration increase per day to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome?

    <p>10 mmol/24 hr or 18 mmol/48 hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of kidneys related to clearing the body?

    <p>Filtering wastes and toxic substances, returning vital substances to the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ideal substance to evaluate glomerular filtration rate is ________.

    <p>inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is very common in healthy individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the condition: Muscle weakness, Cardiac arrhythmias

    <p>Muscle weakness = Hyperkalemia Cardiac arrhythmias = Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a hypovolemic patient with extrarenal salt loss?

    <p>Isotonic saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia always reflects a hyperosmolar state.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate water deficit in a patient?

    <p>Water deficit = TBW x ([Na+]s/140-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macroscopic hematuria refers to visible _______ in the urine.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about hyponatremia?

    <p>Hyponatremia is a disorder of water balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hyponatremia.

    <p>Hyponatremia is a condition where the level of sodium in the blood is below 135 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hyponatremia, water will flow from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid by ________.

    <p>osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their respective terms:

    1. Effective circulating volume
    2. Osmolarity
    3. Hyponatremia
    4. SIADH

    <p>A. Regulated by RAAS and baroreceptors = 1 B. Depends on water balance = 2 C. Condition where [Na+] &lt; 135 mmol/L = 3 D. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmotic demyelination syndrome is reversible if treated promptly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diagnosis for asymptomatic urinary abnormalities obtained?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteinuria higher than ______ is a common indicator of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities.

    <p>150 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities typically have abnormal blood pressure readings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of erythrocytes with their characteristics:

    <p>Isomorphic erythrocytes = Similar to those found in the blood Dysmorphic erythrocytes = Irregular shapes and contours due to passage through glomerular membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment given to a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is the main regulator of calcium in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Vitamin D deficiency is widespread worldwide, especially in Northern nations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible causes of hypocalcemia?

    <p>The possible causes of hypocalcemia include high PTH levels, genetic, autoimmune or iatrogenic diseases affecting the parathyroid gland, vitamin D deficiency, reduced gastrointestinal reabsorption, chronic kidney disease, bisphosphonates use, and hypomagnesemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia is defined as having a total calcium concentration greater than ______ mmol/L.

    <p>2.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following signs and symptoms with the corresponding condition:

    1. Muscle weakness
    2. Polyuria
    3. Tetany
    4. Neuromuscular irritability

    <ol> <li>Muscle weakness = hypercalcemia</li> <li>Polyuria = hypercalcemia</li> <li>Tetany = hypocalcemia</li> <li>Neuromuscular irritability = hypocalcemia</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment given to a symptomatic patient with hypercalcemia?

    <p>Intravenous hydration with isotonic saline and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kidneys?

    <p>Maintain electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nocturia is usually the first sign of renal dysfunction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone do the kidneys produce to stimulate red blood cell production?

    <p>erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of kidneys is to manage the concentration of ___ and salts.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with hyperkalemia:

    <p>Muscle weakness = Hyperkalemia Cardiac arrhythmias = Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment that can be given to a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium Gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is the main regulator of calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with muscle weakness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia is defined by a total calcium concentration greater than __ mmol/L.

    <p>2.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the possible causes of hypercalcemia with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary Hyperparathyroidism = Tumor (adenoma) of the parathyroid gland Vitamin D Intoxication = Taking excessive vitamin D supplements Granulomatous Diseases = Activation of a sort of vitamin D by granulomas Bone Metastases = Tumors like multiple myeloma inducing calcium release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities obtained?

    <p>By urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, ___ will be higher than normal range (>150 mg/day), but lower than 3g/day.

    <p>proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate treatment for a severely hyponatremic patient in an emergency setting?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it important to differentiate between isomorphic and dysmorphic erythrocytes in case of microscopic hematuria?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked to understand if a patient is hypo-, eu-, or hypervolemic in the context of hyponatremia?

    <p>Volume status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe symptomatic hyponatremia should be corrected rapidly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class are Vaptans, used to treat SIADH, which act as antagonists of receptors for vasopressin?

    <p>Vasopressin receptor antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with Diabetes Insipidus:

    <p>Altered mental status = CNS symptom of Diabetes Insipidus Polyuria = Common symptom of Diabetes Insipidus Seizures = Can occur in children with Diabetes Insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value for sodium?

    <p>140</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that affects the ratio of sodium concentration?

    <p>Water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition where sodium concentration is higher than normal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition in which [____] is less than 135 mmol/L.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with the correct serum sodium concentration range (mmol/L):

    <p>Mild hyponatremia = between 130 and 135 Moderate hyponatremia = between 125 and 129 Profound hyponatremia = lower than 125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pseudohyponatremia?

    <p>Accumulation of plasma constituents (triglycerides and proteins)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is always associated with a derangement of water balance?

    <p>Dysnatremias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIADH causes the production of dilute urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Osmotic demyelination syndrome result from?

    <p>Rapid correction of hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should severe hyponatremia be treated?

    <p>Infusion of hypertonic saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment given to a patient in hyperkalemic emergencies to stabilize their cardiac rhythm?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with muscle weakness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia is defined by serum calcium concentration of total calcium > _______ mmol/L.

    <p>2.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptom with the electrolyte imbalance: Tetany - _________.

    <p>Hypocalcemia = Tetany Hypercalcemia = Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the kidneys?

    <p>Monitoring and managing water and salt concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is a condition where there is an unusually low level of potassium in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two tests that are particularly important for evaluating kidney function?

    <p>urea and serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ideal substance to evaluate the glomerular filtration rate is _____

    <p>inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their correct description:

    <p>Anuria = Defined as a urinary output less than 50 mL/day Hyperkalemia = High levels of potassium in the blood GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, measuring kidney function Proteinuria = Presence of excessive protein in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly affects the sodium concentration ratio in the body?

    <p>Water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition where the sodium concentration is greater than 135 mmol/L.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of hypovolemia?

    <p>low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIADH stands for Syndrome Of Inappropriate _______ Secretion.

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biochemical severity classifications with their corresponding serum sodium concentration:

    <p>Mild = between 130 and 135 mmol/L Moderate = between 125 and 129 mmol/L Profound = lower than 125 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities obtained?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, ___ will be higher than normal range.

    <p>proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is edema the main clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key initial step in treating severe symptomatic hyponatremia?

    <p>Administer hypertonic solution immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium concentration provides information about total body salt or volume status.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia results from a water deficit, which leads to a sodium concentration higher than ______ mmol/L.

    <p>145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite condition of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the correct type of patient with the appropriate treatment for hyponatremia:

    <p>Hypovolemic with extrarenal salt loss = Isotonic saline (0.9%) Hypervolemic patient = Diuretics Euvolemic patient = Water restriction with potential use of Vaptan drugs Hypovolemic with renal salt loss = Isotonic saline with discontinuation of responsible drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lab test is used to evaluate kidney functionality?

    <p>Serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first treatment given to a patient with hyperkalemia to stabilize cardiac rhythm?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is the main regulator of calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcemia is associated with tetany.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia is defined by a total calcium concentration of total calcium > _____ mmol/L.

    <p>2.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormone with its function in calcium regulation:

    <p>Parathyroid hormone = Increases bone turnover and favors calcium release by bones Calcitonin = Counteracts the effects of PTH and lowers serum calcium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first sign of renal dysfunction according to the clinical case?

    <p>Frequent urination at night (nocturia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteinuria and hematuria are observed in Antonio's urinalysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal substance used to evaluate the glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is ____ mL/min.

    <p>90-120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kidney dysfunction stages with their respective GFR values (ml/min/1.73m2):

    <p>G1 = GFR &gt;90 G2 = GFR 60-89 G3a = GFR 45-59 G3b = GFR 30-44 G4 = GFR 15-29 G5 = Kidney failure: GFR &lt;15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate treatment for severe hyponatremia in an emergency setting?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a hypovolemic patient with extrarenal salt loss treated?

    <p>Normal isotonic saline (0.9%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia results from a salt deficit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia always reflects a __________ state.

    <p>hyperosmolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with Diabetes Insipidus:

    <p>Altered mental status = Central DI Seizures = Central DI Polyuria and polydipsia = Nephrogenic DI Muscle twitching = Nephrogenic DI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most simple lab test used to evaluate kidney functionality?

    <p>Serum creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal osmolarity range in the body?

    <p>285-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are typical of hypovolemia?

    <p>Reduced refill capillary time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by water excess.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition in which ______ is less than 135 mmol/L.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions:

    <p>SIADH = Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion RAAS = Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System TBW = Total Body Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the estimated sodium concentration change upon infusion?

    <p>Change in [Na+] = (Final sodium concentration - Initial sodium concentration) / (TBW in L) + 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents with macroscopic hematuria?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities typically obtained?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, proteinuria is higher than normal range (>150 mg/day), but lower than ___.

    <p>3g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of microscopic hematuria, it is important to differentiate between isomorphic and dysmorphic erythrocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical manifestations with Nephrotic syndrome:

    <p>Presence of edema = Main clinical manifestation Proteinuria higher than 3.5g/day = Associated feature Low serum protein and low albumin = Characteristic lab findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical