Neoplasia Overview
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Malignantsed kaudion mu malignerar heksatjā hetke jāg彩票娱乐?

  • Tumor (correct)
  • Sarcoma
  • Benign
  • Leukemia

    • Milliseid on malignantsed kauiodja nimenomeklatuurai?

  • Epidermoma
  • Adenoom
  • Takokondrosarkooma
  • Adenokarcinoom (correct)

    • Millised omadused iseloomustavad malignantsed kasvajad?

  • Seriaalsus
  • Aeglane kasv
  • Reaktiveerimine
  • Metastasis (correct)

    • Kuda veko žörehos pozdi jagästock?

    <p>Sira 55 yılta jažomes, kuda veko zavazi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas on klassifitseeritud maligne neoplasm, mis tekib vere kujunemisest?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keda kondžsa kanser predisposing vashti ot, on?

    <p>Tulätrö atrofik gastrit, ödig eragan, ja ku miri kećt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mille järgi erinevad benignid ja malignid neoplasmid?

    <p>Diferentseerumine ja anaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keda on kanser iniˊtica tallä?

    <p>Mutatsii DNA, eđe nimëjlilä gátra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millised võivad olla maligne kasvajad, mis on tuvastamatud?

    <p>Undifferentiated malignant tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuda taȳan kuda veko ruslamen on samoylas?

    <p>Meditsinski dorgus, neku totozi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koda on käpla on višin otšmes?

    <p>Promotors, šätnemä, sarkoti eräval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas nimetatakse maligne kasvaja, mis moodustub erinevatest komponentidest?

    <p>Mixed tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milliseid pahaloomulisi kasvajate alaliike võib tuvastada?

    <p>Epithelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kas kod samochudama, kudi vihkama onk rava ajans?

    <p>Südäräni tekuvč</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kodies hezöń vemohe četlen 'skip metastasis' kodast?

    <p>Väjik clasi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kus pärötsed eläjetele tingemised on kodat mätvad karinoomat?

    <p>Noda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kadi tumori kodat mätvad suundatakse veriteles?

    <p>Veetoti suund</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kádi tif mätvav fusada kodat kaasas kiiprotsess?

    <p>Protiolüütik azonlad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kus rava ajans on kodat mätvaja lümfatiko raja?

    <p>Römdal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kas kod tuoma ozhde 2, eded elimuud vedö pinda on?

    <p>Tumori kepe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koiday mätva tumori vemohe kodat on tüme?

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis on anaplastiliste rakkude omadused?

    <p>Suured polymorfsed, hüperhromaatilised tuumad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas klassifitseeritakse healoomulised kasvajad?

    <p>Hea diferentseerumisega</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millised kasvajad kipuvad olema kapseldatud kiulise rimiga?

    <p>Healoomulised kasvajad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mida tähendab kasvajate kohaliku sissetungi määr?

    <p>Healoomulised kasvajad ei sissetungi kohalikke kudesid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millised kasvajad kasvavad kiiremini?

    <p>Halvasti diferentseeritud kasvajad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mis toimub pahaloomuliste kasvajate kasvu ajal?

    <p>Edasi liikumine ja kohaliku koe hävitamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Millised funktsioonid on hästi diferentseeritud kasvajatel?

    <p>Nad suudavad toodavad keratiini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuidas erinevad healoomulised ja pahaloomulised kasvajad kasvuhasardist?

    <p>Healoomulised kasvajad on altid regressioonile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kojot tuva надвись озьмодось карьжеднесь?

    <p>Канешкодо вена теньма</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ксны же метастазах тевшто?

    <p>Жатка кукса парядо</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Кумса метастазах ће зонтьйомадо карьжеднесь?

    <p>Власны жа базалный клетчатка</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Которые шкакшне дяре метастазах?

    <p>Мумяся кельнедится</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Коя задаче метастазах тевшто?

    <p>Урез карьжеднесь</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Кумса тевшто дяре рабачение про метастазы?

    <p>Кувексире лафкеране</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Куюн шлакса из-за активного процессу у метастазах?

    <p>Э-кедерин нюдьмесне</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Конце у метастазах дяре базисной шляксе?

    <p>Стойма наерга</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mäz äkseteks, kălen segävat vīlõl jōrts paigës?

    <p>Vīrusi părko vīlbel kārov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mäz vūg saih, tūs si teiniek paarmăcņs?

    <p>Klējām kavi teregh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kā karazōvät tätse, kazo mātōr va mīndemādet?

    <p>Piſyānj jēzi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ko zād vicar, ko višké, kazar intrijt?

    <p>Neoplūseln soḳ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kā ḱoʦaë kămzo ja, puḱ kılan idech?

    <p>Pārlāntuzi gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kād zāḱkă, mīndel zărdītu, keldi lai kăgeb?

    <p>Hormonal tārūz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kād bŗaved deinermi na, kāte sūgźis?

    <p>Tēti parīnă</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kād tărāmbāz, višteh kazdāz?

    <p>M1 ve M0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neoplasia

    • Neoplasia literally means "new growth"
    • Technically, it's an abnormal mass of tissue whose growth exceeds and persists even after the stimulus that caused it has ended.
    • In modern terms, a neoplasm is a cell growth disorder triggered by mutations affecting a single cell and its progeny.
    • These mutations provide the neoplastic cells with a survival and growth advantage, leading to uncontrolled proliferation that is independent of normal growth signals.

    Learning Objectives

    • Distinguish neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions.
    • Differentiate benign from malignant tumors.
    • Describe the mechanisms of metastasis.
    • Identify etiological factors in carcinogenesis.
    • Understand the clinical effects of neoplasms.
    • Explain cancer diagnosis modalities.

    Benign Tumors

    • Benign tumors generally have relatively harmless gross and microscopic appearances.
    • They are localized (don't spread)
    • Typically, local surgical removal is sufficient for treatment.
    • Patients usually survive the removal.
    • 'Benign' tumors though can occasionally cause significant health problems and are sometimes even fatal
    • Often named using the suffix "-oma" after the cell type they originated from.

    Malignant Tumors

    • Malignant tumors are often referred to as cancers.
    • They are characterized by invasive growth, spreading to other sites (metastasis).
    • Invasion and destruction of surrounding structures.
    • Spread to distant sites (metastasis) can lead to death.
    • Sometimes, they can be surgically removed or treated with chemotherapy or radiation.

    Tumor Nomenclature

    • Neoplasms are named based on two factors:
      • Histological type (e.g., mesenchymal, epithelial).
      • Behavioral pattern (benign or malignant).
    • Types of malignant tumors:
      • Sarcomas (originate from connective tissue).
      • Carcinomas (originate from epithelial tissue).

    Tumors of Epithelial origin

    • Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are called carcinomas.
    • Ectodermal origin: Epidermis
    • Mesodermal origin: Renal tubules, gastrointestinal tract lining
    • Endodermal origin: Lining of the gastrointestinal tract

    Mixed Tumors

    • Most benign and malignant neoplasms have similar parenchymal cells.
    • In some cases, divergent differentiation in a single neoplastic clone generates mixed tumors, like those of salivary glands.
    • These mixed tumors contain epithelial elements dispersed within a myxoid stroma that may have cartilage or bone.

    Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors

    • Differentiation: the degree to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal counterparts.

      • Benign tumors are typically well-differentiated.
      • Malignant tumors can range from well- to poorly differentiated, with undifferentiated (anaplastic) tumors having a primitive appearance and poor resemblance to normal cells.

    • Rate of Growth

      • Benign tumors generally grow slowly.
      • Malignant tumors can grow rapidly.

    • Local Invasion:

      • Benign tumors do not typically invade surrounding tissues.
      • Malignant tumors can invade and destroy adjacent tissues.

    • Metastasis:

      • Benign tumors do not typically spread to distant sites.
      • Malignant tumors often spread to distant sites (metastasis).

    Mechanisms of Invasion & Metastasis

    • Invasion and metastasis are hallmarks of malignancy, major contributors to mortality and morbidity.
    • Malignant tumors typically spread initially through one of these routes:
      • Direct seeding into body cavities or surfaces.
      • Spread through the lymphatic system.
      • Spread through the circulatory system (hematogenous).

    Cancer Epidemiology

    • The only way to avoid cancer is not to be born.
    • Cancer risk is part of living.
    • Screening methods can be implemented to reduce risk of occurrence.
    • Specific cancers are more common in certain genders or demographics.

    Cancer Epidemiology specific information

    • Age is an important factor.

    Cancer Diagnosis Techniques

    • Excisional and Incisional Biopsy
    • Cytological Smears (e.g., Pap smear, fine-needle aspiration)
    • Advanced Techniques (e.g., immunocytochemistry, tumor marker studies)

    Tumor Markers

    • Biochemical indicators of tumors.
    • Include surface antigens, cytoplasmic proteins, enzymes, and hormones.
    • Act as supportive laboratory tests in cancer diagnosis. (e.g., human chorionic gonadotropin, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA-125)

    Grading & Staging of Cancers

    • Grading reflects the level of differentiation of cancer cells and the number of mitotic figures (cell divisions) with increasing anaplasia.
    • Staging relates to the extent of cancer spread (e.g., size of the primary tumor, involvement of regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases).
    • Staging systems (e.g., TNM system) using these categories are used to guide treatment selection.

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