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Questions and Answers
What is the most frequent location for hamartomas?
What is the most frequent location for hamartomas?
Which of the following features is NOT associated with malignant tumors?
Which of the following features is NOT associated with malignant tumors?
What type of cancer originates from muscle tissue?
What type of cancer originates from muscle tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign hamartoma?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign hamartoma?
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What describes germ cell layer derived tumors?
What describes germ cell layer derived tumors?
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What type of teratoma is typically malignant and found in males?
What type of teratoma is typically malignant and found in males?
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How do benign tumors typically grow compared to malignant tumors?
How do benign tumors typically grow compared to malignant tumors?
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Which of the following symptoms can be caused by tumors?
Which of the following symptoms can be caused by tumors?
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Which tumors commonly metastasize through the lymphatic system?
Which tumors commonly metastasize through the lymphatic system?
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What condition can be caused by tumors producing hormone-like substances?
What condition can be caused by tumors producing hormone-like substances?
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Which of the following is NOT a common target for metastasis?
Which of the following is NOT a common target for metastasis?
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What is a characteristic feature of paraneoplastic syndromes?
What is a characteristic feature of paraneoplastic syndromes?
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What is a common manifestation of cancer-related cachexia?
What is a common manifestation of cancer-related cachexia?
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What term refers to the uncontrolled, disorderly proliferation of cells resulting in a tumor?
What term refers to the uncontrolled, disorderly proliferation of cells resulting in a tumor?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of benign neoplasms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of benign neoplasms?
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Which suffix is commonly used to designate benign tumors?
Which suffix is commonly used to designate benign tumors?
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What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
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In what type of tissue does a papilloma arise?
In what type of tissue does a papilloma arise?
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What does cancer specifically refer to in terms of tumor classification?
What does cancer specifically refer to in terms of tumor classification?
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What is one significant aspect of the biological behavior of benign tumors?
What is one significant aspect of the biological behavior of benign tumors?
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Which of the following statements about cancer incidence and mortality is correct?
Which of the following statements about cancer incidence and mortality is correct?
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What condition is primarily associated with selective loss of fatty tissue and muscle mass in cancer patients?
What condition is primarily associated with selective loss of fatty tissue and muscle mass in cancer patients?
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What is the prognostic significance of weight loss in cancer patients?
What is the prognostic significance of weight loss in cancer patients?
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Which type of cancer is associated with the highest weight loss?
Which type of cancer is associated with the highest weight loss?
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What are cytokines such as TNF and IL-6 primarily involved in with respect to cancer?
What are cytokines such as TNF and IL-6 primarily involved in with respect to cancer?
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How does cancer-induced anorexia primarily affect patients?
How does cancer-induced anorexia primarily affect patients?
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Which diagnostic test is NOT commonly associated with cancer diagnosis?
Which diagnostic test is NOT commonly associated with cancer diagnosis?
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What happens to muscle mass during cancer cachexia?
What happens to muscle mass during cancer cachexia?
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Which parameter shows the MOST significant difference between normal individuals and cachectic cancer patients?
Which parameter shows the MOST significant difference between normal individuals and cachectic cancer patients?
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What is the primary purpose of grading and staging in cancer diagnosis?
What is the primary purpose of grading and staging in cancer diagnosis?
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What does the 'T' in the TNM staging system represent?
What does the 'T' in the TNM staging system represent?
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Which grading indicates a cancer that is poorly differentiated?
Which grading indicates a cancer that is poorly differentiated?
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What does the ann arbor system specifically classify?
What does the ann arbor system specifically classify?
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Which of the following is NOT applicable to leukemias and tumors of the central nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT applicable to leukemias and tumors of the central nervous system?
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What does a designation of N1 in the TNM system indicate?
What does a designation of N1 in the TNM system indicate?
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What characterizes cancer at stage Tis?
What characterizes cancer at stage Tis?
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Which of the following best describes chromosomal translocations in relation to carcinogenesis?
Which of the following best describes chromosomal translocations in relation to carcinogenesis?
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What genetic change is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma?
What genetic change is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma?
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What is the first step in the process of carcinogenesis?
What is the first step in the process of carcinogenesis?
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Which of the following is considered a natural carcinogen linked to liver cancer?
Which of the following is considered a natural carcinogen linked to liver cancer?
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Which chromosome is involved in the Philadelphia chromosome associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Which chromosome is involved in the Philadelphia chromosome associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia?
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What type of radiation is mainly linked to causing skin cancer?
What type of radiation is mainly linked to causing skin cancer?
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What is one of the outcomes of the promotion phase in carcinogenesis?
What is one of the outcomes of the promotion phase in carcinogenesis?
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Which chemical carcinogen is associated with leukemia?
Which chemical carcinogen is associated with leukemia?
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The Epstein-Barr virus is primarily associated with which type of cancer?
The Epstein-Barr virus is primarily associated with which type of cancer?
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Which carcinogen is specifically cited for causing scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps?
Which carcinogen is specifically cited for causing scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps?
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What type of genetic alteration typically occurs before cancer develops?
What type of genetic alteration typically occurs before cancer develops?
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Study Notes
Neoplasia & Cancer
- Neoplasia means "new growth" (Greek)
- Neoplasm is neoplastic growth
- Neoplasia is uncontrolled, disorderly proliferation of cells, forming a benign or malignant tumor
- Cancer is a malignant tumor; a crab-like growth that takes hold of tissue
- In 2023, more than 20 million new cancer cases globally and 10 million deaths
- In 2023, over 1.9 million new cancer cases annually in the US, with approximately 610,000 deaths
General Characteristics of Benign Tumors
- Naming: Benign tumors end in "-oma" (e.g., lipoma, fibroma, adenoma).
- Biological behavior: slow growth, encapsulated, do not metastasize, not destructive
- Papilloma: benign neoplasm arising from surface epithelium (finger-like projections)
- Adenoma: benign neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium
- Benign neoplasms from mesenchymal origin (e.g., muscle, connective tissue, fat, bone, cartilage): fibroma, lipoma, leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, chondroma.
General Characteristics of Malignant Tumors (Cancer)
- Form metastasis—most defining characteristic of malignant tumors.
- Invasive growth; no capsule.
- Undifferentiated; may hardly resemble the original tissue.
- Important cellular features:
- Anaplasia (poorly differentiated).
- Pleomorphism (wide variation in shape and appearance of tumor cells).
- Hyperchromatic nucleus (dark staining nucleus).
- High nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio.
- Prominent nucleoli.
- Rapid growth.
- Frequently necrosis (lack of sufficient blood supply).
Cancer Naming
- Carcinoma: malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma).
- Sarcoma: cancer of muscle, bone, connective tissue, fat tissue (e.g., leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, liposarcoma).
Specific Cancers
- Burkitt's lymphoma
- Hodgkin's disease
- Wilms' tumor
Teratoma
- Germ cell layer-derived tumor (ovary, testis); may contain bone, teeth, etc.
- Immature teratoma: malignant, typically in males.
- Mature teratoma: benign, typically in females.
Cancer Invasion and Metastasis
- Benign lesions grow by pushing surrounding tissue.
- Malignant tumors invade nearby tissues.
- Metastasis: tumor cells enter blood or lymphatic vessels, travel, and form new tumors in other parts of the body (e.g., metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, brain, bone marrow).
Clinical Manifestations of Malignancies
- Symptoms due to location of the tumor or metastasis: pain, swellings, obstruction, bleeding, color changes, edema, body function changes.
- Symptoms related to features of the tumor: wasting (cachexia), weight loss, weakness, loss of appetite, anemia, infection.
- Hormones that may be produced by tumors can cause hormone abnormalities (e.g. growth hormone causing gigantism or acanthosis nigricans)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-related symptoms such as hypercalcemia (parathyroid hormone-like protein), hypoglycemia or Cushing’s syndrome from hormone-like effects and neurologic abnormalities (antibodies associated with cancer).
Diagnosis of Cancer
- Symptoms (visual tumor, bleeding, weight loss).
- Diagnostic tests (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, biopsies).
- Lab tests (CBC, PSA, CEA).
Grading and Staging
- Grading: histopathologic evaluation of cellular differentiation (degree of abnormality)
- Staging: assessment of tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis (extent of spread)
- TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is used to classify and stage specific cancers.
Carcinogenesis
- Cancer development occurs due to changes in the cell's genome—DNA changes.
- New genes or damaged/mutated genes that promote uncontrolled growth
Causes of Cancer
- Chemical carcinogens (e.g., asbestos, arsenic, benzene, vinyl chloride, benzopyrene, tobacco smoke components, and radiation like UV light, ionizing radiation)
- Viral carcinogens (e.g., HPV, Epstein-Barr virus, other viruses).
- Other factors: environmental exposure
Why Do People Die of Cancer?
- Direct interference with body functions (obstruction).
- Bleeding.
- Treatment-related deaths.
- Production of substances that alter tissue function (e.g., hormones).
- Cancer-induced cachexia and anorexia (loss of muscle and fat tissue).
Cachexia and Cancer Death
- Selective loss of fatty tissue and muscle mass.
- Cancer cells may disrupt lipid and protein metabolism, and produce factors that induce lipolysis and proteolysis.
- Loss of muscle mass due to immobility and insufficient protein intake.
- Anorexia (loss of appetite).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of neoplasia and cancer, including definitions, types of tumors, and statistics on cancer incidence and mortality. Explore the characteristics of benign and malignant tumors, along with their biological behavior and naming conventions. Test your understanding of these critical topics in oncology.
