Neoplasia II: Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

<p>Infiltration around nerves and blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perforation of tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle atrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensorimotor neuropathies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low white cell count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxia due to insufficient nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchial carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathological fractures due to bone destruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Site of kidney function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pro-angiogenesis factors like VEGF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The original site of malignant neoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Space occupying lesion causing neurological symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aid in the breakdown of the basement membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell derived motility factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can either promote or inhibit cell invasion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasion into lymphatics and blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may encounter unfavorable conditions in target tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular and lymphatic drainage pathways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CXCR4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malignant cells do not adhere as strongly as normal cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must colonize and adapt to the new environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lobular carcinoma of the breast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spread of malignant tumors to distant sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They modify the contact between cells and the stroma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered synthesis of enzymes degrading extracellular matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of motility factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They alter their interactions, leading to looser attachment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells break through the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The growth of new blood vessels, often triggered by a lack of nutrients or oxygen in the tumor's microenvironment.

The process of cancer cells spreading from the primary tumor site to other parts of the body.

The lymphatic system, a network of vessels that carries lymph fluid throughout the body and is a common route for cancer metastasis.

The spread of cancer cells via the bloodstream, often to distant organs like the lungs, liver, bone, and brain.

The transfer of cancer cells to the lungs, a common site for metastasis due to the lungs' role in blood circulation.

The transfer of cancer cells to the liver, often due to the liver's role in blood filtration.

The transfer of cancer cells to the bone, potentially leading to bone destruction or increased bone density.

The transfer of cancer cells to the brain, potentially causing neurological symptoms.

Enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix (ECM). They play a crucial role in cancer progression by allowing tumor cells to break through the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues.

A type of MMP that specifically breaks down collagen type IV, a key component of the basement membrane.

A type of MMP that breaks down collagen type I, which is found in the ECM of tissues.

The movement of cells, often driven by chemical signals or changes in the ECM. In cancer, this term describes the process by which tumor cells move away from the primary tumor site and spread to other parts of the body.

Signals released by cells that promote their own movement. These factors play a role in the spread of cancer cells.

The tendency of cancer cells to preferentially metastasize to specific organs.

The process by which cancer cells escape from blood vessels and invade surrounding tissues at distant sites.

The ability of cancerous cells to penetrate and destroy surrounding tissues, breaking through the basement membrane and spreading into the extracellular matrix.

Cancer cells have weaker bonds and connections compared to normal cells, allowing them to detach and move more freely. This is due to altered expression of cell adhesion molecules like Cadherins and Integrins.

Calcium-dependent glycoproteins found on the cell membrane that help bind cells together. They interact homotypically, meaning they bind to similar molecules on other cells.

Cell surface glycoproteins composed of two subunits, alpha and beta. They play a role in various biological functions, including leukocyte (white blood cell) adhesion and platelet adhesion.

Cancer cells produce and secrete enzymes that break down the basement membrane and surrounding connective tissue, allowing them to invade and spread.

The process by which cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel through the lymphatic or vascular channels to reach distant sites.

The primary tumor is the original site of the cancer, while a metastasis is a secondary tumor that develops at a distant location from the primary tumor.

Pressure from a benign tumor can damage surrounding tissue, leading to impaired function. For example, a tumor in the pituitary gland can disrupt hormone production.

Tumors in hollow organs like the intestines can cause blockages (obstruction) or ulcers, leading to bleeding.

A tumor in the brain, even if benign, can occupy space, putting pressure on other tissues.

Malignant tumors aggressively destroy neighboring tissues, invading blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic channels.

Anemia due to ulceration, bone marrow infiltration (like in leukemia), or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) are common complications of both benign and malignant tumors.

Excess hormone production by benign or malignant endocrine tumors (like a parathyroid tumor) can lead to various health problems.

Malignant tumors, especially in the bronchus, can produce hormones like ACTH, PTH, or ADH, leading to hormone-related complications.

Waste of muscle and fat, loss of appetite, and general weakness, despite not actively trying to lose weight.