40 Questions
What is the main component of a neoplasm?
Parenchyma
What determines the classification of tumors based on cell of origin?
Germ cell layer
What is the term for a tumor that arises from more than one germ cell layer?
Teratoma
What is the suffix added to the cell type to form the name of a benign tumor?
-oma
What is the term for a malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin?
Carcinoma
What is the type of epithelium that gives rise to urothelial carcinoma?
Urinary epithelium
What is the term for a benign tumor that arises from mesenchymal tissue?
Fibroma
What is the level of differentiation of neoplastic cells in a malignant neoplasm?
Poorly differentiated or pleomorphic
What is the term used to describe a genetic disorder of cell growth that is triggered by acquired or inherited mutations?
Neoplasia
What does the term 'oncology' refer to?
The study of tumors or neoplasms
What is the term used to describe a swelling caused by inflammation?
Tumor
What is the characteristic of a neoplastic tumor cell's growth?
It is independent of physiologic growth stimuli
What is the term used to describe a disordered growth?
Dysplasia
What is the term used to describe a congenital anomaly characterized by a heterotopic nest of cells?
Choristoma
What is the term for a malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue?
Sarcoma
What is the term used to describe a benign-appearing mass composed of cells indigenous to the particular site?
Hamartoma
Which type of tumor is characterized by the presence of both epithelial and mesenchymal components?
Mixed tumor
What is the term used to describe a malignant tumor?
Malignant
What is the term for a tumor that comprises multiple tissues foreign to the site of growth?
Teratoma
Which of the following is a benign tumor of fat?
Lipoma
What is the suffix used to form the name of a tumor?
-oma
Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
Localized growth
What is the term for a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Which of the following is an example of a malignant tumor of glandular epithelium?
Adenocarcinoma
What is characterized by the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with undifferentiated cells of abnormal sizes and shapes?
Dysplasia
What is a precancerous condition that may not necessarily progress to cancer?
Dysplasia
What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or malignant?
Neoplasia
Which type of neoplasm is characterized by invasive growth and the ability to metastasize?
Malignant neoplasm
What is the term for the reversal of abnormal cell growth to normal cell growth?
Reversion
What is the term for the change in cell type from one adult cell type to another?
Metaplasia
What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells that is confined to a specific site and does not invade adjacent tissues?
Benign neoplasm
What is the term for the growth of cells that can invade and destroy adjacent tissues and spread to distant sites?
Malignant neoplasm
What does differentiation refer to in the context of neoplastic cells?
The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells
What is the characteristic of a well-differentiated neoplasm?
Tumor cells that resemble mature cells of tissue of origin
What is anaplasia?
The loss of functional and structural differentiation of cells
What is the characteristic of an undifferentiated or anaplastic tumor?
Malignant neoplasms composed of poorly differentiated cells
What is the characteristic of a moderately well-differentiated neoplasm?
In-between the two extremes of well-differentiated and undifferentiated tumors
What is the characteristic of benign tumors?
Well-differentiated with scanty mitoses
What is the correlation between differentiation and biologic behavior?
Benign tumors are well-differentiated, while malignant tumors can range from well to undifferentiated
What is the significance of anaplasia in tumor behavior?
It indicates a malignant behavior of the tumor
Study Notes
Neoplasia and Terminology
- Neoplasia means "new growth" (Neo...new, Plasia...growth)
- Neoplasm is the collection of cells and stroma composing new growths
- Modern definition: a genetic disorder of cell growth triggered by acquired or inherited mutations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny
- Tumor originally described swelling caused by inflammation, now equated with neoplasm
- Oncology (Greek oncos = tumor) is the study of tumors or neoplasms
Classification of Neoplasms
- Based on clinical and biological behavior: two main groups - Benign and Malignant
- Benign: innocent, amenable to surgical removal, remain localized, well-differentiated
- Malignant: referred to as Cancer, can invade and destroy adjacent tissues, and spread to distant sites
Characteristics of Benign vs Malignant Tumors
- Four fundamental rules to differentiate benign from malignant tumors:
- Differentiation & Anaplasia
- Rate of growth
- Local invasion
- Metastasis
Nomenclature of Neoplasms
- Benign tumors: suffix "-oma" added to the cell type from which the tumor arises (e.g., adenoma, lipoma)
- Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin: called carcinomas (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma)
- Malignant tumors arising from mesenchymal tissue: called sarcomas (e.g., fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma)
Tumor Structure
- Two basic components:
- Parenchyma: composed of clonal/transformed neoplastic cells
- Reactive stroma (Non-Neoplastic supporting tissues): composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and variable numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes
Other Key Points
- Dysplasia: disordered growth, reversible replacement of one mature cell type with undifferentiated cells
- Carcinoma in situ: precancerous stage, marked dysplasia involving entire thickness of epithelium
- Hamartoma: benign-appearing masses composed of disorganized cells indigenous to the particular site
- Choristoma: congenital anomaly, heterotopic nest of cells, mature normal tissue at an abnormal site
Learn about the definition and classification of neoplasms, tumors, and oncology. Understand the meaning of neoplasia, neoplasm, and its relation to cell growth and mutations.
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