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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of an oncologist?
What is the primary role of an oncologist?
- To manage infectious diseases
- To study and treat cancer and neoplasia (correct)
- To perform laboratory tests on genetic materials
- To conduct surgical procedures on tumors
Which term describes the abnormal growth of tissue that serves no purpose?
Which term describes the abnormal growth of tissue that serves no purpose?
- Mutation
- Neoplasm (correct)
- Metastasis
- Tumor
What does the term 'differentiation' refer to in the context of neoplasia?
What does the term 'differentiation' refer to in the context of neoplasia?
- The rapid spread of cancer cells
- The extent to which cells differ from their origin (correct)
- The process of tumor encapsulation
- The ability of cells to mutate
Which characteristic is true of benign tumors?
Which characteristic is true of benign tumors?
What is the process called when malignant cells spread from a primary tumor to distant sites?
What is the process called when malignant cells spread from a primary tumor to distant sites?
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
Oncogenes are derived from which type of original genes?
Oncogenes are derived from which type of original genes?
What is referred to as agents that can initiate or promote cellular transformation?
What is referred to as agents that can initiate or promote cellular transformation?
What is a significant advantage of cryoablation therapy for prostate cancer?
What is a significant advantage of cryoablation therapy for prostate cancer?
What disadvantage is associated with cryosurgery for prostate cancer?
What disadvantage is associated with cryosurgery for prostate cancer?
Which of the following describes chemosurgery?
Which of the following describes chemosurgery?
What is a key feature of Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression (PLDD)?
What is a key feature of Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression (PLDD)?
How does a chemical peel, or chemosurgery, aid in skin restoration?
How does a chemical peel, or chemosurgery, aid in skin restoration?
What is a characteristic feature of cryoablation therapy in terms of cost?
What is a characteristic feature of cryoablation therapy in terms of cost?
What is the primary purpose of PLDD?
What is the primary purpose of PLDD?
Which of the following statements about the recuperation period after cryosurgery is true?
Which of the following statements about the recuperation period after cryosurgery is true?
What do higher numeric grades in cancer grading typically indicate?
What do higher numeric grades in cancer grading typically indicate?
Which stage in cancer staging indicates the most advanced disease?
Which stage in cancer staging indicates the most advanced disease?
What does the 'N' in the TNM staging system refer to?
What does the 'N' in the TNM staging system refer to?
What is the primary goal in the treatment of cancer patients when a malignant neoplasm is detected?
What is the primary goal in the treatment of cancer patients when a malignant neoplasm is detected?
When staging a cancer, what is meant by the term 'recurrent'?
When staging a cancer, what is meant by the term 'recurrent'?
Which type of cancers does the TNM staging system primarily apply to?
Which type of cancers does the TNM staging system primarily apply to?
What is the primary goal of surgical treatment in cancer care?
What is the primary goal of surgical treatment in cancer care?
Which type of cancer treatment involves the surgical removal of a piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes?
Which type of cancer treatment involves the surgical removal of a piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes?
Which aspect of tumor grading reflects the differentiation of tumor cells?
Which aspect of tumor grading reflects the differentiation of tumor cells?
What is the purpose of the TNM staging system?
What is the purpose of the TNM staging system?
What defines the treatment goal of palliation in cancer therapy?
What defines the treatment goal of palliation in cancer therapy?
Which surgical approach is used when the tumor mass is small and safely accessible?
Which surgical approach is used when the tumor mass is small and safely accessible?
What is a common approach used to reassess the treatment plan when complications develop?
What is a common approach used to reassess the treatment plan when complications develop?
What is one reason surgical removal of cancer may not be realistic?
What is one reason surgical removal of cancer may not be realistic?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary method of cancer treatment?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary method of cancer treatment?
What is emphasized for successful cancer treatment besides the patient's medical intervention?
What is emphasized for successful cancer treatment besides the patient's medical intervention?
What is a common oral issue related to oncology treatments?
What is a common oral issue related to oncology treatments?
Which symptom indicates alteration in oral mucosal membranes due to radiation?
Which symptom indicates alteration in oral mucosal membranes due to radiation?
What is a recommended action for managing skin problems during oncology treatment?
What is a recommended action for managing skin problems during oncology treatment?
Which condition may result from the effects of radiation on bone marrow?
Which condition may result from the effects of radiation on bone marrow?
What is an effective strategy to alleviate dry mouth during oncology treatments?
What is an effective strategy to alleviate dry mouth during oncology treatments?
Which of these symptoms is associated with gastrointestinal disturbances caused by radiation?
Which of these symptoms is associated with gastrointestinal disturbances caused by radiation?
Which emotional responses might a patient experience during oncology treatments?
Which emotional responses might a patient experience during oncology treatments?
What is a common indicator of alteration in skin integrity due to radiation exposure?
What is a common indicator of alteration in skin integrity due to radiation exposure?
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Study Notes
Cancer and Oncology
- Oncology is the medical branch focused on cancer study, detection, treatment, and management.
- An oncologist specializes in neoplastic growth treatment and study.
- CRAB is a descriptive term for cancer's crab-like invasion of healthy tissues.
- Oncogenes are mutated normal genes that cause abnormal cell behavior.
Terminology
- Neo-: new
- Plasia-: growth
- Plasm-: substance
- Trophy-: size
- -oma-: tumor
- Statis-: location
- A-: none
- Ana-: lack
- Hyper-: excessive
- Meta-: change
- Dys-: bad, deranged
Neoplasms and Tumors
- A neoplasm is abnormal tissue growth serving no purpose, potentially harming the host.
- A tumor is any neoplasm with cells capable of growth and reproduction.
- Differentiation describes how much cells differ from their origin and maturity level.
- Metastasis is malignant cell spread from the primary tumor to distant sites via body cavities, lymphatic, and blood circulation.
- Mutation is an unusual genetic material change, spontaneous or induced, altering gene expression.
- Carcinogens initiate or promote cellular transformation.
Neoplasia Characteristics
- Neoplasia involves uncontrolled abnormal cell growth. Types include benign, malignant, and borderline.
- Benign neoplasms are well-differentiated, slow-growing, encapsulated, non-invasive, and non-metastatic.
- Malignant neoplasm grading classifies tumor cells based on origin and how much they retain original tissue characteristics. Grades range from I to IV, with higher grades indicating poorly differentiated, aggressive tumors.
TNM Staging System
- The TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is a globally recognized cancer staging standard.
- It aids in treatment planning, prognosis indication, treatment result evaluation, and international data collation.
- It's used for solid tumors; other systems are used for hematological, CNS cancers, and malignant melanoma.
- Recurrence can be local (original location) or distant (different body part).
Cancer Staging and Grading
- Cancer staging uses the TNM system (T-tumor, N-node, M-metastasis) with stages 1-4.
- Grading assesses differentiation: Grade 1 is low grade, Grade 4 is high grade.
Cancer Treatment Objectives
- Complete removal/destruction of malignant neoplasms early.
- Prevent further metastasis.
- Relieve symptoms.
- Preserve life as long as possible.
Treatment Goals
- Cure: complete disease eradication.
- Control: patient survival and containment of cancer cell growth.
- Palliation: relief of disease-associated symptoms.
- Open communication is crucial for reassessing treatment plans as needed.
Common Cancer Treatments
- Surgery (cure, control, palliation)
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Bone marrow transplant
Surgery
- Surgical removal of the entire cancer is ideal but often unrealistic due to micrometastasis.
- A multidisciplinary approach is necessary.
- Post-operative rehabilitation is planned.
- Skin and testicular cancer may be curable with early surgical intervention.
Surgical Approaches
- Local excision: for small masses with easily accessible margins.
- Radical excision: removal of the primary tumor, surrounding tissue, and lymph nodes.
Diagnostic Surgery
- Involves biopsy (tissue excision from a suspicious growth) for malignancy analysis.
Biopsy Methods
- Excisional method: for easily accessible skin tumors.
Cryosurgery (for Prostate Cancer)
- Minimally invasive procedure with a favorable success and complication rate, short recovery, and lower cost than traditional treatment.
- Potential disadvantages include a temporary catheter and initial impotence (treatable).
Chemosurgery (Chemical Peels)
- Uses chemical solutions to remove damaged skin layers. Improves skin appearance.
Laser Spine Surgery (PLDD)
- Minimally invasive outpatient procedure using local anesthesia to decompress herniated discs, offering quick pain relief.
Radiation Toxicity Effects
- Skin alterations (alopecia, erythema, desquamation).
- Oral mucosal alterations (stomatitis, xerostomia, taste changes, decreased salivation).
- Gastrointestinal disturbances (chest pain, dysphagia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
- Bone marrow suppression (anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia), increasing infection and bleeding risks.
Side Effects of Cancer Treatment
- Mouth problems (pain, sores, dry mouth).
- Skin problems (irritation, redness, soreness, itching, darkening).
- Loss of appetite.
- Abdominal issues (nausea, vomiting).
- Anxiety, depression, and grief.
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