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Questions and Answers
What is neoplasia?
What is neoplasia?
Neoplasia is a new growth of cells which is characterized by uncontrolled tissue proliferation.
What is the branch of science that deals with the study of neoplasms or tumors?
What is the branch of science that deals with the study of neoplasms or tumors?
Oncology
A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
True
The growth of a neoplasm is coordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue.
The growth of a neoplasm is coordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue.
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A neoplasm continues to grow abnormally even if the original trigger is removed.
A neoplasm continues to grow abnormally even if the original trigger is removed.
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What term is used for a mutated form of a proto-oncogene that becomes more active than normal?
What term is used for a mutated form of a proto-oncogene that becomes more active than normal?
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What are the two basic components of a tumor?
What are the two basic components of a tumor?
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What is the stroma made of?
What is the stroma made of?
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What is the common term used for all malignant tumors?
What is the common term used for all malignant tumors?
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What suffix denotes benign tumors?
What suffix denotes benign tumors?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of benign tumors?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of benign tumors?
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Which type of tumor is associated with the suffix -carcinoma?
Which type of tumor is associated with the suffix -carcinoma?
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Which type of tumor is associated with the suffix -sarcoma?
Which type of tumor is associated with the suffix -sarcoma?
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Melanoma is a type of sarcoma.
Melanoma is a type of sarcoma.
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of malignant tumors?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of malignant tumors?
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Malignant tumors are often discohesive and penetrate the surrounding normal host tissue
Malignant tumors are often discohesive and penetrate the surrounding normal host tissue
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Cancers with a high growth fraction are more sensitive to cancer therapy.
Cancers with a high growth fraction are more sensitive to cancer therapy.
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What is differentiation in terms of tumors?
What is differentiation in terms of tumors?
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What is anaplasia?
What is anaplasia?
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Poorly differentiated malignant tumors have a high degree of anaplasia.
Poorly differentiated malignant tumors have a high degree of anaplasia.
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Grading and staging are two systems used to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy.
Grading and staging are two systems used to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy.
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What does grading of a tumor refer to?
What does grading of a tumor refer to?
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What does staging of a tumor refer to?
What does staging of a tumor refer to?
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Tumors can be graded both grossly and microscopically.
Tumors can be graded both grossly and microscopically.
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that significantly influences grading?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that significantly influences grading?
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Which grade represents poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors with more than 75% anaplastic cells?
Which grade represents poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors with more than 75% anaplastic cells?
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The extent of spread of cancer can be assessed by clinical examination, investigations, and pathologic examination.
The extent of spread of cancer can be assessed by clinical examination, investigations, and pathologic examination.
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What does TNM stand for in TNM staging?
What does TNM stand for in TNM staging?
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AJC staging takes into account the primary tumor, nodal involvement, and distant metastases in each stage.
AJC staging takes into account the primary tumor, nodal involvement, and distant metastases in each stage.
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Generally, a tumor of high grade is present at a high stage and vice versa.
Generally, a tumor of high grade is present at a high stage and vice versa.
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Solid tumors can grow beyond 1 to 2 mm in diameter without being vascularized.
Solid tumors can grow beyond 1 to 2 mm in diameter without being vascularized.
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What is angiogenesis?
What is angiogenesis?
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Which of the following is NOT considered necessary for angiogenesis?
Which of the following is NOT considered necessary for angiogenesis?
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Invasion and metastasis are biologic hallmarks characteristic of benign tumors.
Invasion and metastasis are biologic hallmarks characteristic of benign tumors.
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Which step involves the detachment of tumor cells from each other?
Which step involves the detachment of tumor cells from each other?
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Study Notes
Neoplasia
- Neoplasia is a significant pathology topic; neoplasms are common and serious diseases.
- Neoplasm means new growth of cells due to uncontrolled tissue proliferation.
- Neoplasia (Neo= new, plasia= growth) means new growth.
- A neoplasm is characterized by abnormal and excessive tissue growth.
- The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated and persists even after the initial trigger is removed.
Oncology
- Oncology is the branch of science that studies neoplasms or tumors.
- Proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that promote cell proliferation.
- Oncoproteins are proteins coded by oncogenes that cause increased cell proliferation.
- Oncogenes are mutated forms of proto-oncogenes
- Oncogene changes cause overproduction or increased activity causing uncontrolled cell growth and division.
Nomenclature
- All tumors (benign or malignant) have two main components.
- Neoplastic cells make up the tumor parenchyma.
- Supportive stroma is fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels, providing the framework for parenchymal tumor cell growth.
Classifications of Neoplasms
- Benign tumors grow slowly and remain localized without causing problems.
- Malignant tumors grow quickly, spread throughout the body, and can cause death.
- Benign tumors are named with the suffix "-oma".
- Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are carcinomas.
- Malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin are sarcomas.
Classification of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors
-
Epithelial Tumors:
- Benign examples include adenoma and papilloma.
- Malignant examples include carcinoma (e.g., adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma).
-
Mesenchymal Tumors:
- Benign examples include fibroma and leiomyoma.
- Malignant examples include sarcoma (e.g., fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma).
Examples of Specific Tumors
- Melanoma is a carcinoma of melanocytes.
- Hepatoma is a carcinoma of hepatocytes.
- Lymphoma is a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue.
- Seminoma is a malignant tumor of the testes.
- Leukemia is cancer of blood-forming cells.
Characteristics of Tumors
- Tumors are categorized clinically and morphologically into benign and malignant based on characteristics.
- The characteristics include:
- Rate of growth
- Cancer phenotype and stem cells
- Clinical and gross features
- Microscopic features
- Local invasion (direct spread)
- Metastasis (distant spread)
Differentiation vs. Anaplasia
- Differentiation describes how similar tumor cells are to normal cells.
- Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal cells; poorly differentiated tumors show minimal resemblance to normal tissues.
- Anaplasia is a lack of differentiation, a feature of most malignant tumors.
Grading and Staging
- Grading assesses the degree of differentiation of a tumor.
- Staging determines the extent of tumor spread in a patient.
- Grades are based on microscopic and sometimes macroscopic features.
- Grade I: Well-differentiated
- Grade II: Moderately-differentiated
- Grade III: Moderately-differentiated
- Grade IV: Poorly-differentiated or anaplastic
Tumor Angiogenesis
- Solid tumors need blood vessels for growth beyond 1-2 mm.
- Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels.
- Tumor growth and metastasis depend on blood vessel and nutrient delivery.
Mechanism of Invasion & Metastasis
- Invasion and metastasis are hallmarks of malignant tumors.
- The mechanism involves the following steps:
- Loss of adherence (detachment of tumor cells)
- Invasion of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
- Migration of tumor cells through the ECM
- Vascular dissemination and homing (intravasation)
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in neoplasia and oncology, including the definition of neoplasms, the role of oncogenes, and tumor nomenclature. Test your understanding of how these components relate to abnormal cell growth and the overall classification of tumors.
