Militarization Ch 7 Pt. 2
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Questions and Answers

According to the text, what did Massey and his colleagues conclude about the effects of changing economic conditions in black and Hispanic neighborhoods?

  • Deindustrialization would have had a devastating effect regardless of racial segregation and social isolation of the poor
  • Social isolation of the poor was the primary cause of devastating effects
  • Deindustrialization would not have had such a devastating effect without racial segregation and social isolation of the poor (correct)
  • Racial segregation had no impact on the effects of changing economic conditions

    • What did Wilson focus on in black communities with high levels of poverty?

  • Individualistic studies
  • Community-level influences
  • Macro-level influences
  • Labor force attachment, job networks, quality of schools, availability of a marriageable partner, and exposure to conventional role models (correct)

    • According to Peterson and Krivo (1993), what did segregated black communities suffer much greater levels of compared to white areas?

  • "Educational benefits" associated with academic excellence
  • "Economic prosperity" associated with financial stability
  • "Community disadvantage" associated with violent crime (correct)
  • "Community advantage" associated with peaceful living

    • According to Anderson, what has led to a set of informal rules in many inner-city neighborhoods?

    <p>Collapse of neighborhood social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black youth in January 2012?

    <p>38.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2011, what percentage of black Americans aged 16 or older had a part-time job?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group had the highest unemployment rate in Illinois in 2016?

    <p>Blacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wacquant (2009) propose as a structural explanation for poverty?

    <p>Neoliberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the median duration of unemployment for blacks in 2011?

    <p>$27$ weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black women in 2011?

    <p>$18.1$%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for blacks compared to whites since the Department of Labor began analyzing data by race and ethnicity in 1974?

    <p>Consistently higher for blacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the black unemployment rate during the recession and after it ended?

    <p>Increased more during the recession and slower to fall after it ended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metropolitan area had the highest employment inequality according to the National Urban League?

    <p>Chicago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black men compared to white males in 2011?

    <p>Higher than white males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black men in comparison to Hispanic and white men in 2011?

    <p>Higher than Hispanic and white men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What played a significant role in unemployment according to data from 2012?

    <p>Educational attainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wacquant, what is the driving force behind neoliberalism?

    <p>Remaking the welfare state and reducing state economic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the institutional transformations of neoliberalism?

    <p>Promoting markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the market orientation for individual behavior create, according to the text?

    <p>Social insecurity and disorder among the postindustrial proletariat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the state reassert its legitimacy, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>With an expansive, intrusive, and proactive penal apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of neoliberalism in terms of government size for the lower class?

    <p>'Small government' for the elites but 'big government' for the lower class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the United States, what replaced the welfare state?

    <p>'Charitable state' with a moralistic conception of poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the American labor force suffers from 'subemployment,' according to the text?

    <p>One-third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the war on drugs, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Mass incarceration and a dramatic rise in incarceration rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the most common offenses for new prisoners, as per the text?

    <p>Drugs, theft, burglary, and public-order violations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conservative rationale for high incarceration rates in the 1980s and early 1990s?

    <p>'Super predators,' which was untrue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two factors that appeared to predominate in data on crime, drugs, and other social ills?

    <p>Race and poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geographical unit of study might be appropriate for an economist or transportation specialist?

    <p>Chicago Metropolitan Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author find about the correlation between population and drug arrests?

    <p>Population and drug arrests had a statistically significant correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author find about the correlation of social indicators among whites with drug arrests?

    <p>High social indicators among whites did not correlate with drug arrests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response from the Chicago Police Department regarding the number of SWAT raids for narcotics?

    <p>&quot;They 'could not capture' this data&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the retired high-level Chicago police commander's response regarding the number of drug arrests conducted by the SWAT team?

    <p>&quot;Two&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kraska and Balko appear to have "missed the boat" on, according to the text?

    <p>Information about SWAT team actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the direct result of the actions of SWAT teams?

    <p>The war on drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wacquant's argument fail to sustain, according to the text?

    <p>Wacquant's argument was not sustained regarding the punishment of the poor for being poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author find about the correlation of poverty factors among blacks and Hispanics with drug arrests?

    <p>There is no correlation of poverty factors among blacks and Hispanics with drug arrests except for two exceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did high crime rates draw according to the text?

    <p>Large deployments of police officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the crimes committed by the so-called 'habitual offenders'?

    <p>Drunken car theft, shoplifting, and selling drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Teitz and Chapple (1998), which factors were identified as the best explanatory variables for inner-city poverty?

    <p>Deindustrialization and a lack of human capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city was chosen to conduct a study on crime and poverty?

    <p>Chicago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many community areas does Chicago have?

    <p>77</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the three large areas into which Chicago Police Department districts were combined?

    <p>North, central, and south</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boundaries of the community areas in Chicago have remained constant over time. The exceptions to this were Uptown, which was split into Uptown and Edgewater, and O’Hare, which was added in order to build a new airport.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the 77 community areas in Chicago?

    <p>Natural areas defined by expressways, parks, or major streets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the population size commonly used for studies in newer research?

    <p>Census tracts of three to five thousand people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Teitz and Chapple (1998) conclude about the 'culture of poverty' argument?

    <p>It was not sustained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Teitz and Chapple (1998) identify as significant explanatory variables for inner-city poverty?

    <p>Deindustrialization and a lack of human capital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the crimes committed by low-level 'disorganized offenders without skills or discipline'?

    <p>Petty theft, vandalism, and public intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black youth in November 2009?

    <p>49.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black women in 2011?

    <p>18.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black men compared to white males in 2011?

    <p>$76.3%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the overall unemployment rate for blacks in Illinois in 2016?

    <p>$14.1%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of neoliberalism according to Wacquant?

    <p>To reduce state economic regulation and remake the welfare state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of neoliberalism in terms of government size for the lower class?

    <p>It requires 'small government' but produces 'big government' for the lower class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for new prisoners to be incarcerated, according to the text?

    <p>Drugs, theft, burglary, and public-order violations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conservative rationale for high incarceration rates in the 1980s and early 1990s?

    <p>'Super predators,' which was untrue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did Massey and his colleagues conclude about the effects of changing economic conditions in black and Hispanic neighborhoods?

    <p>Deindustrialization would not have had such a devastating effect without racial segregation and social isolation of the poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wilson focus on in black communities with high levels of poverty?

    <p>Labor force attachment, job networks, quality of schools, availability of a marriageable partner, and exposure to conventional role models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Peterson and Krivo (1993), what did segregated black communities suffer much greater levels of compared to white areas?

    <p>&quot;Community disadvantage&quot; associated with violent crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to a set of informal rules that emerged as defensive mechanisms in many inner-city neighborhoods, according to the text?

    <p>Collapse of neighborhood social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of 'habitual offenders' were non-violent, disorganized individuals without skills or discipline?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were Chicago's community areas formalized into 77 areas?

    <p>Early 1900s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the conservative perspective, what is the result of inner-city poverty?

    <p>Self-defeating cultural and social behavior of 'underclass'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit of study did researchers at the University of Chicago divide the city into?

    <p>'Natural areas' based on physical and cultural characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the predominant factors in data on crime, drugs, and social ills in Chicago's community areas?

    <p>Population and poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study find about the correlation of population and poverty with drug arrests?

    <p>It was an artifact rather than an indication of poverty causing crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was noted as a result of high crime rates in Chicago's community areas?

    <p>Large police deployments and high numbers of drug arrests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study conclude about the actions of SWAT teams?

    <p>They are a result of the war on drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of 'habitual offenders' were non-violent, disorganized individuals without skills or discipline?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were Chicago's community areas formalized into 77 areas?

    <p>Early 1900s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective attributes inner-city poverty to self-defeating cultural and social behavior of 'underclass'?

    <p>Conservative perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers at the University of Chicago divide the city into for their studies?

    <p>'Natural areas'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black women in 2011?

    <p>18.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the overall unemployment rate for blacks in Illinois in 2016?

    <p>14.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unemployment rate for black youth in January 2012?

    <p>38.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2011, what percentage of black Americans aged 16 or older had a part-time job?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of neoliberalism according to Wacquant?

    <p>To remake the welfare state and reduce state economic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of neoliberalism in terms of government size for the lower class?

    <p>Produces 'big government' for the lower class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the institutional transformations of neoliberalism?

    <p>Promoting markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the conservative rationale for high incarceration rates in the 1980s and early 1990s revolve around?

    <p>'Super predators,' which was untrue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which factor did Massey and his colleagues conclude to have concentrated the effects of changing economic conditions in black and Hispanic neighborhoods?

    <p>Racial segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wilson focus on in black communities with high levels of poverty?

    <p>Lack of labor force attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did Peterson and Krivo find about segregated black communities?

    <p>Suffered much greater levels of 'community disadvantage' associated with violent crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Anderson argue has led to a set of informal rules in many inner-city neighborhoods?

    <p>Collapse of neighborhood social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>The study focused on social issues, specifically crime, drugs, and poverty, in Chicago's community areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What racial/ethnic components were Chicago's population divided into?

    <p>White, black, and Hispanic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the predominant factors in data on crime, drugs, and social ills according to the study?

    <p>Population and poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study conclude about the correlation of population and poverty with drug arrests?

    <p>The correlation of population and poverty with drug arrests was an artifact rather than an indication of poverty causing crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Wacquant argues that neoliberalism is a political project, driven by elites, which aims to remake the welfare state and reduce state economic regulation

    • Four institutional transformations of neoliberalism: promoting markets, devolving welfare services, individual responsibility, and state withdrawal

    • Market orientation for individual behavior creates social insecurity and disorder among the "postindustrial proletariat"

    • The state reasserts its legitimacy with an expansive, intrusive, and proactive penal apparatus

    • Neoliberalism requires "small government" but produces "big government" for the lower class

    • In the United States, the welfare state was replaced by a charitable state, which had a moralistic conception of poverty

    • One-third of the American labor force suffers from "subemployment" as the social safety net contracts

    • The war on drugs, with a focus on lower-class blacks, leads to mass incarceration and a dramatic rise in incarceration rates

    • The most common offenses for new prisoners are drugs, theft, burglary, and public-order violations, while only about one-quarter are incarcerated for violent crimes

    • The conservative rationale for high incarceration rates in the 1980s and early 1990s was the existence of "super predators," which was untrue.

    • The text is about the study of social issues, specifically crime, drugs, and poverty, in Chicago's community areas.

    • The study focused on the 77 community areas, which are organic units averaging around 35,000 people each.

    • These community areas are often homogeneous in terms of race, ethnicity, and income, and are considered neighborhoods.

    • Chicago's population was divided into three major racial/ethnic components: white, black, and Hispanic.

    • Data was collected on demographic and social factors for each community area and included population, percentage below the poverty line, percentage of individuals without a high school diploma, per capita income, and percentage of those unemployed.

    • Chicago Police Department data on "serious crimes" (murder, robbery, and aggravated assault and battery) was added to the social data.

    • Drug-related arrests by community area and police district were obtained from the Chicago Police Department.

    • The study found that population and poverty were the two predominant factors in data on crime, drugs, and social ills.

    • However, the correlation of population and poverty with drug arrests was an artifact rather than an indication of poverty causing crime.

    • The study also found that high crime rates, rather than poverty, draw large police deployments, resulting in high numbers of drug arrests.

    • The study noted that the Chicago Police Department did not have a SWAT team until a few years ago and that they do not conduct narcotics raids.

    • The study concluded that the actions of SWAT teams are a result of the war on drugs, which was a significant finding.

    • The text is about the study of social issues, specifically crime, drugs, and poverty, in Chicago's community areas.

    • The study focused on the 77 community areas, which are organic units averaging around 35,000 people each.

    • These community areas are often homogeneous in terms of race, ethnicity, and income, and are considered neighborhoods.

    • Chicago's population was divided into three major racial/ethnic components: white, black, and Hispanic.

    • Data was collected on demographic and social factors for each community area and included population, percentage below the poverty line, percentage of individuals without a high school diploma, per capita income, and percentage of those unemployed.

    • Chicago Police Department data on "serious crimes" (murder, robbery, and aggravated assault and battery) was added to the social data.

    • Drug-related arrests by community area and police district were obtained from the Chicago Police Department.

    • The study found that population and poverty were the two predominant factors in data on crime, drugs, and social ills.

    • However, the correlation of population and poverty with drug arrests was an artifact rather than an indication of poverty causing crime.

    • The study also found that high crime rates, rather than poverty, draw large police deployments, resulting in high numbers of drug arrests.

    • The study noted that the Chicago Police Department did not have a SWAT team until a few years ago and that they do not conduct narcotics raids.

    • The study concluded that the actions of SWAT teams are a result of the war on drugs, which was a significant finding.

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