Nematodes Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of symmetry do adult starfish exhibit?

  • Spherical symmetry
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Radial symmetry (correct)
  • Asymmetrical

What is the purpose of the tube feet in starfish?

  • Respiration
  • Locomotion (correct)
  • Feeding
  • Reproduction

Which class of echinoderms possesses a body with pentamerous discs and long arms?

  • Echinoidea
  • Holothuroidea
  • Ophiuroidea (correct)
  • Asteroidea

How do echinoids primarily respire?

<p>Through tube feet with suckers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the body structure of Holothuroidea?

<p>It is elongated and cylindrical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the sense organs of echinoderms?

<p>Poorly developed, including chemoreceptors and tactile organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animal examples belongs to the class Echinoidea?

<p>Sand dollars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about echinoderm reproduction is true?

<p>They reproduce sexually through gametic fusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestive system do organisms in the phylum Annelida possess?

<p>Well-developed digestive system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the circulatory system classified in Annelida?

<p>Closed circulatory system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Annelida does not possess a clitellum?

<p>Oligochaeta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Polychaeta class regarding appendages?

<p>They possess fin-like appendages called parapodia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fireworm?

<p>Hermodice carunculata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the blood flow in a closed circulatory system from an open circulatory system?

<p>Blood is contained within blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reproductive characteristic is found in hermaphroditic species from Annelida?

<p>They can produce both sperm and eggs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable feature do fireworms exhibit when releasing gametes?

<p>They release blue-green luminous mucus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature distinguishes mammals from other classes?

<p>Breasts that produce milk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class includes bony fish that make up 98% of all fish?

<p>Osteichthyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of skates compared to rays?

<p>Absence of a long tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subclass of mammals is unique for laying eggs?

<p>Monotremata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for reptiles?

<p>Their skin is water-tight and made of scales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do birds have that is not found in mammals?

<p>Feathers covering their bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of amphibians, such as frogs and toads?

<p>They can live both in water and on land (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of osteichthyes aids in their buoyancy?

<p>Gas-filled sac (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates?

<p>Replacement of notochord by a vertebral column in adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fish is characterized as having a cartilaginous skeleton?

<p>Cartilaginous fish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT typical of Class Chondrichthyes?

<p>Heavy bony scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of vertebrate chordates during their early stages of development?

<p>Absence of vertebrae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is NOT present in vertebrates?

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sharks and ratfish primarily differ from jawless fish?

<p>Presence of jaws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the heart structure of Chondrichthyes is true?

<p>It can be either three or four-chambered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated specifically with ratfish or chimeras?

<p>Bottom dwelling lifestyle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for respiration in Arthropods?

<p>Trachea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of centipedes?

<p>One pair of legs per segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which class of Arthropoda are most members aquatic?

<p>Crustacea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of fertilization is observed in Arthropods?

<p>Internal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of excretion for Arthropods?

<p>Kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the body structure of insects from other arthropods?

<p>Three body regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common group found within Myriapoda?

<p>Centipede (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the head of most crustaceans differ from other arthropods?

<p>Fused with thoracic segments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true about the body structure of mollusks?

<p>Mollusks possess a body plan with a segmented structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the radula in mollusks?

<p>To scrape food from surfaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following habitats can mollusks be found in?

<p>Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry do mollusks exhibit?

<p>Bilateral symmetry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mantle play in mollusks?

<p>It secretes substances to form shells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique respiratory feature of segmented worms?

<p>Oxygen diffuses through their skin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes mollusks' reproductive method?

<p>Mostly hermaphroditic, with some sexual reproduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of phylum Annelida?

<p>Soft bodied and unsegmented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asteroidea

A group of marine invertebrates with a star-shaped body composed of five arms radiating from a central disc.

Regeneration

The ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts.

Water vascular system

A system of fluid-filled canals and tube feet used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange in echinoderms.

Pedicellariae

Small, pincer-like structures found on the body surface of echinoderms, used for defense and cleaning.

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Ophiuroidea

A class of echinoderms characterized by a flat, star-shaped body with long, flexible arms.

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Echinoidea

A class of echinoderms with a spherical or hemispherical body covered with spines.

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Holothuroidea

A class of echinoderms with a long, cylindrical body and no arms.

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Cloacal respiratory tree

A respiratory structure in some echinoderms, especially holothuroidea, that utilizes the cloaca for gas exchange.

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Annelids

A group of segmented worms with a well-developed nervous system, a closed circulatory system, and complete digestive system.

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Polychaeta

A group of annelids with many bristles and parapodia, often found in marine environments.

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Oligochaeta

A group of annelids characterized by a lack of parapodia and the presence of a clitellum, which helps in reproduction.

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Hirudinea

A group of annelids that are specialized for parasitic life, possessing flattened bodies and suckers used for attaching to their hosts.

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Closed Circulatory System

A circulatory system where blood remains within vessels, circulating unidirectionally.

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Open Circulatory System

A type of circulatory system where blood flows freely in spaces, coming in contact with tissue.

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Hermaphrodite

They possess reproductive organs of both male and female types.

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Clitellum

A structure found in some annelids, particularly the subclass Oligochaeta, that plays a vital role in reproduction.

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What are the key features of Crinoids?

Star-shaped marine animals with tube feet lacking suckers. Their arms are branched, and they lack spines and pedicellariae.

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Describe Annelids.

Segmented worms, found in diverse environments, possessing a segmented body, a complete digestive system, and bilateral symmetry.

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What is the general body plan of Mollusks?

Soft-bodied invertebrates with an unsegmented body, often possessing a muscular foot for movement.

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What is the radula and its function?

A specialized tongue-like organ in Mollusks, covered in rows of teeth, used for scraping food from surfaces.

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What is the mantle and its purpose?

A skin fold surrounding the body organs in Mollusks, secreting substances to build the shell.

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What type of digestive system do Mollusks have?

Mollusks possess a complete digestive system, meaning it has a mouth, digestive tract, and an anus.

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How do Mollusks reproduce?

Many Mollusks can reproduce sexually, and some species demonstrate hermaphroditism.

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Describe the symmetry of Annelids.

Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical. This means their body can be divided into two mirrored halves.

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Vertebrates

An advanced group of chordates characterized by the presence of a cranium (skull) protecting the brain, a vertebral column (backbone) replacing the notochord in adults, well-developed pharyngeal gill slits, and a high degree of cephalization (head development).

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Notochord

A flexible rod-like structure found in the dorsal (back) region of chordates that provides support and acts as a central axis for the body. In vertebrates, it is mostly replaced by the vertebral column (backbone) in adults.

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Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Openings in the throat region of chordates that are involved in respiration and filter feeding in aquatic species. In vertebrates, they are typically modified or reduced during development.

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Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)

A class of vertebrates characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton (made of cartilage), movable jaws with well-developed teeth, rough sandpaper-like scales, and a streamlined body adapted for fast swimming.

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Ratfish (Chimeras)

A type of cartilaginous fish that are typically bottom dwellers with elongated, rat-like tails. They are distinct from sharks and rays.

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Vertebrate Chordates

A group of chordates that possess a notochord and pharyngeal gill slits during the early stages of development. These features are typically replaced or modified in adults.

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Notochord Replacement

The process of replacing the notochord with a vertebral column (backbone) during the development of vertebrates.

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Cephalization

A characteristic feature of vertebrates, referring to the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue in the head region. This leads to the development of a complex brain and specialized sense organs.

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Rays

A class of cartilaginous fish that typically have flattened bodies, gill slits on their ventral surfaces, and whip-like tails with venomous spines.

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Skates

A class of cartilaginous fish closely resembling rays but lacking the long, venomous tail.

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Bony fish

A class of fish characterized by a bony skeleton, thin, flexible, overlapping scales, and a mouth located at the end of the body.

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Amphibians

A class of vertebrates that includes frogs, toads, and salamanders, characterized by moist, permeable skin, aquatic larval stage, and egg-laying in water.

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Reptiles

A class of vertebrates with water-tight skin covered in scales, typically lay eggs, and are distinguished by their ability to molt to grow.

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Birds

A class of vertebrates characterized by feathered bodies, scaly feet adapted to their environment, and beaks designed for their diet.

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Mammals

A class of mammals characterized by the presence of breasts and hair, and often giving birth to live young.

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Monotremata

A subclass of mammals that lay eggs, possess fur, and lack nipples, but secrete milk.

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What is the Phylum Arthropoda?

A diverse phylum of invertebrates with segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.

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What is Class Insecta?

A class of arthropods characterized by a body divided into three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of legs on the thorax, and usually two pairs of wings.

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What are Crustaceans?

These arthropods are mostly aquatic and possess a fused head and thorax called a cephalothorax. They have biramous appendages (branched limbs).

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What is molting?

The process by which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and grows a new one.

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What is a tracheal system?

A type of respiratory system in arthropods that consists of a network of tubes called tracheae, which carry oxygen directly to the tissues.

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What are Malpighian tubules?

Specialized excretory organs found in arthropods that remove metabolic waste products from the body.

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What are wings?

A pair of appendages attached to the thorax of insects, used for flight.

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What is metamorphosis?

The process of a larva transforming into an adult insect.

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Study Notes

NEMATODES

  • These are commonly called thread or roundworms
  • They are unsegmented, triploblastic, and pseudocoelomic
  • Their bodies are cylindrical or thread-like, covered in a body wall with cuticle and epidermis
  • Most are parasitic, but some are free-living
  • They are elongated, slender worms, tapering at both ends
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Organized at the organ system level
  • Body cavity is filled with muscle tissue
  • Body is unsegmented
  • Body cavity (pseudocoelom) not lined by mesoderm
  • Internal cephalization, little anterior-posterior differentiation
  • Body is covered with tough and resistant cuticle
  • Digestive system is complete and straight, with both mouth and anus
  • Mouth is terminal, surrounded by lips with sense organs
  • Respiratory and circulatory systems are absent
  • Respiration occurs through the body surface (aerobic in free-living forms, anaerobic in parasitic forms)
  • Excretory system is made up of intracellular canals or lateral excretory ducts
  • Nervous system is rudimentary, with a circumpharyngeal nerve ring and longitudinal nerve cords
  • Sense organs are poorly developed, like papillae, amphids (mouth), and phasmids (anus)
  • Sexes are separate with sexual dimorphism
  • Fertilization is internal, possibly cross or self
  • Development may be direct or indirect
  • Larval forms include rhabditiform, filariform, and microfilaria

ASCHELMINTHES

  • Zoologists consider this a superphylum containing various groups
  • This includes Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Nematomorph, and Nematoda
  • Phylum Nematoda is a significant group within it

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

  • Mostly parasitic, though some are free-living
  • Cylindrical, elongated
  • Triploblastic
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Organ system level of organization
  • Body is unsegmented
  • Body cavity is filled with muscle tissue
  • Pseudocoelomate (body cavity not lined by mesoderm)

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of nematodes, commonly known as thread or roundworms. This quiz covers their anatomy, physiology, and classification, highlighting their characteristics, life cycles, and ecological roles. Test your knowledge on these unsegmented, triploblastic organisms that can be both parasitic and free-living.

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