Nematodes Identification Lecture Objectives Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between the reproductive systems of nematodes and cestodes/trematodes?

Nematodes have separate sexes, while cestodes and trematodes are hermaphroditic. (correct)

Nematodes lay live young (viviparous), while cestodes and trematodes lay eggs (oviparous).

Nematodes reproduce sexually within the host, while cestodes and trematodes reproduce sexually outside the host.

Nematodes multiply within the host, while cestodes and trematodes multiply outside the host.

How do nematodes ensure the survival of their species?

By laying eggs (oviparous) within the host

Through viviparous reproduction

By ensuring their offspring leave the host to multiply (correct)

By multiplying within the host

What is a key characteristic of helminths in terms of their habitat?

They inhabit the bloodstream exclusively

They primarily live intracellularly

They prefer to reside in the respiratory system

They live extracellularly in the gastrointestinal tract and organs (correct)

Which factor contributes to increased infection rates by nematodes?

Increased environmental exposure Signup and view all the answers

In what way do cestode larval stages differ from typical helminth behavior?

The larvae stage develops within the host Signup and view all the answers

How does a nematode ensure the survival of its offspring in a host?

Through the use of paratenic hosts Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the nematode life cycle is responsible for causing a periparturient rise?

L3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common strategy employed by nematodes to ensure their survival during winter on pastures?

Burrowing into the soil Signup and view all the answers

How do nematodes regulate their feeding behavior under the influence of immune protection?

By arresting development and having smaller adults with fewer eggs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which naive sheep eliminate nematode larvae?

Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of infection for Ancylostoma caninum?

Percutaneous Signup and view all the answers

How do nematodes ensure the survival of their species through periparturient rise?

By a sudden rise in egg production around the time of parturition Signup and view all the answers

What type of hosts are involved in an indirect life cycle of nematodes?

Two or more hosts Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nematodes, what does L3 refer to?

Infective larval stage Signup and view all the answers

How do nematodes maintain their population on pastures over time?

By undergoing exponential growth in egg production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary food source of Ancylostoma caninum?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nematode anatomy is responsible for causing anemia?

Buccal cavity Signup and view all the answers

In the nematode world, what do male nematodes of Mammomonogamus spp. exhibit in terms of behavior?

Stay in copulation for the rest of their life Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the alimentary canal in nematodes?

Mouth, intestines, anus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nematode anatomy is responsible for excreting waste material?

Excretory vessel Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of nematodes in terms of their reproduction?

reproduce within the host Signup and view all the answers

How do nematodes differ in terms of their feeding behavior from cestodes and trematodes?

They feed on blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary mode of infection for Ancylostoma caninum?

Direct penetration of skin Signup and view all the answers

What strategy do nematodes use to ensure their survival during winter on pastures?

Surviving as dormant larvae in the environment Signup and view all the answers

How do nematodes maintain their population over time on pastures?

Developing resistance to host immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an important clinical sign of Ancylostoma caninum infection in young animals?

Skin rash Signup and view all the answers

How do hookworm eggs confirm infection according to the text?

By being present in fecal examinations Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Ancylostoma caninum anatomy related to feeding?

Specialized teeth and cutting plates in the buccal capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the zoonotic concern associated with Ancylostoma caninum mentioned in the text?

Cutaneous larval migrans (CLM) Signup and view all the answers

How can the risk posed by drug-resistant Ancylostoma caninum be mitigated?

Educating pet owners about appropriate antiparasitic use Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended precaution for people traveling to regions where hookworm infections occur?

Wearing sandals in sandy areas Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as crucial in proactively managing hookworm infections to avoid severe health consequences?

Vigilance and proactive management Signup and view all the answers

What plays a critical role in protecting public and environmental health against Ancylostoma caninum infections?

Improving detection, control, and prevention efforts Signup and view all the answers

What renders drugs like praziquantel, fenbendazole, or moxidectin ineffective for treating hookworm infections?

A. caninum resistance development Signup and view all the answers

How do humans primarily get infected with Ancylostoma caninum, leading to cutaneous larva migrans?

Contact with contaminated soil Signup and view all the answers

What major concern arises from the potential development of resistance to anthelmintic treatments by Ancylostoma caninum?

Difficulty in managing infections in dogs and humans Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nematodes

Also known as roundworms
Elongate/cylindrical shape
Alimentary canal present
Sexes usually separate
Egg-laying (oviparous); some lay live young (viviparous)
Do not multiply within the host
Offspring must leave host to multiply

Life Cycle

Direct or indirect
Increased infection results from increased environmental exposure

Helminths

Live extracellularly: in the gastro-intestinal tract and organs
Sexual reproduction: males and females (Nematodes), hermaphroditic (Cestodes & Trematodes)
Egg-laying (oviparous); some lay live young (viviparous)
Do not multiply within the host
Offspring must leave host to multiply

Ancylostoma Caninum

Type of hookworm that primarily affects dogs
Lives inside the host's digestive system and feeds on its blood
Causes various health issues in both canids and humans
Primary canine hookworm species in North America
Can develop resistance to anthelmintic treatments
Can cause zoonotic diseases, such as cutaneous larva migrans in humans

Prevalence and Impact on Dogs

One of the most prevalent parasitic nematodes in dogs worldwide
Growing concern about anthelmintic resistance (AR) in Ancylostoma caninum in Canada
AR means certain strains of the hookworm are becoming resistant to anti-parasitic drugs

Zoonotic Potential

Can be transmitted to humans
Causes cutaneous larva migrans, a condition characterized by serpiginous, 1-5cm tunnels generated by the larvae migrating through the epidermis
Humans usually get infected through contact with contaminated soil or ingestion of contaminated food

Current Drug Resistance

Multi-drug resistant Ancylostoma caninum populations are becoming increasingly common in the United States
Factors contributing to this include imprudent management practices that foster the growth of resistant strains
The parasite can develop resistance to drugs like praziquantel, fenbendazole, or moxidectin

Strategies for Control and Prevention

Educate pet owners about appropriate antiparasitic use
Monitor efficacy of treatments
Maintain records of dogs entering Canada with exposure to hookworms
Take precautions to prevent infection, such as avoiding direct skin contact with sandy areas and wearing protective shoes

Future Prospects

Need to stay vigilant and proactively manage hookworm infections to avoid severe health consequences
Continued research on alternative treatment methods and drug development can help combat the emergence of drug-resistant strains

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Description

Test your knowledge on key characteristics, life cycles, hosts, and means of species survival of nematodes. Questions cover topics such as alimentary canal shape, roundworm morphology, and the life cycle stages of Ancylostoma caninum.