Chapter 2 Pt. 4 Militarization
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of SWAT team raids according to the text?

  • To minimize personal injury and property damage
  • To initiate forced entry in barricade situations
  • To conduct extensive intelligence gathering
  • To rescue hostages and secure evidence (correct)

    • What is the typical procedure for SWAT teams in hostage or barricade situations?

  • Surround the building and call out the suspects
  • Initiate forced entry immediately
  • Conduct extensive intelligence gathering
  • Wait while negotiations proceed (correct)

    • What are some of the activities involved in the preparation for a SWAT team raid?

  • Personal injury and property damage minimization
  • Immediate forced entry, dynamic breach
  • Surveillance, floor plan examination, informant interviews (correct)
  • Explosive expert deployment

    • When might a SWAT team raid require a dynamic entry?

    <p>When a dangerous individual has to be arrested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all calls did the SWAT team respond to in Tampa in 2002?

    <p>0.0001%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times did the SWAT team provide security or dignitary protection in 2002?

    <p>100 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which years did the number of SWAT call-outs start to fall according to Kraska and Paulsen's study?

    <p>1994–1995</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average number of call-outs per year from 1986 to 1989 according to Kraska and Paulsen's study?

    <p>24 per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kraska, what does he argue is 'infecting police departments'?

    <p>'paramilitary policing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The unsung hero of most successfully handled hostage-barricade incidents' according to Geller and Scott is:

    <p>the first patrol officer on the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many suicide attempts did the Tampa Police Department handle on average per year?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all calls did the SWAT team respond to in Tampa in 2002?

    <p>0.0001%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kraska and Kappeler, what are they worried may affect 'the operations and culture of their departments'?

    <p>'militarized SWAT teams'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Geller and Scott describe as 'perhaps the most obvious illustration' that the police can avoid injuries or death?

    <p>'responding hostage-barricade team'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Brewer et al. conclude about SWAT teams?

    <p>'SWAT teams are rarely used.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using flash-bangs by SWAT teams during raids?

    <p>To disorient suspects and enable rapid entry and handcuffing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were raids held back during the Columbine High School shooting?

    <p>Due to lack of an effective incident commander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new active-shooter response techniques were developed after the Columbine shooting?

    <p>Diamond-shaped contact team and rapid-treatment model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the diamond-shaped contact team considered impractical?

    <p>It forced EMS to wait and ignored the wounded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the data show about the majority of SWAT incidents?

    <p>They end without shots being fired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department report about weapons fired in SWAT deployments?

    <p>Weapons were fired in only a small percentage of deployments, resulting in few fatalities and injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a SWAT team?

    <p>To address high-risk situations that exceed the capabilities of regular law enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of peaceful suspect apprehensions resulting from SWAT team activations from 1972-2005?

    <p>83%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city had varying call volumes and operational structures for SWAT teams?

    <p>St. Petersburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which team handled 96 barricaded subject cases from 1971 to 1982?

    <p>Los Angeles Police Department's SWAT team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of calls to emergency services settled through negotiations in the 1990s?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which department historically did not handle rescue work, leading to frequent turf wars with the NYPD ESU?

    <p>New York City Fire Department</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Militarization of Mayberry' is a term used by Kraska in reference to what type of cities?

    <p>'small to medium-sized cities'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which team is the most active SWAT team in the US?

    <p>New York City Police Department's Emergency Services Unit (ESU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total number of calls involving emotionally disturbed persons handled by the NYPD ESU in 1994?

    <p>33,879</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used by Kraska that is misleading as it refers to a fictional town without crime or SWAT teams?

    <p>'Militarization of Mayberry'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Los Angeles Police Department's SWAT team created?

    <p>1967</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many officers did LAPD have for over 2,000 daily calls in the 1990s?

    <p>7,000 officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of SWAT team activations resulted in suspects killed by SWAT officers from 1972-2005?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • In the 1990s, 99% of calls to emergency services were settled through negotiations (Gabor, 1993; Halberstadt, 1994).
    • New York City Police Department's Emergency Services Unit (ESU) is the most active SWAT team in the US.
    • In 1994, they handled 33,879 calls involving emotionally disturbed persons, 2,674 "jumpers" and suicide attempts, 13,241 vehicular accidents, 3,450 non-vehicular accidents, and 1,838 tactical actions (Katz, 1995).
    • The NYPD ESU's high call volume is due to the New York City Fire Department not historically handling rescue work, leading to frequent turf wars (Bayley, 1994; Snow, 1996; McMains and Mullins, 1996; Katz, 1998; Lesce, 1998; Ruderman, 2012).
    • The second most famous SWAT team is the Los Angeles Police Department's SWAT team, created in 1967.
    • The LAPD team took on responsibility for handling barricaded subjects in 1971.
    • From 1971 to 1982, they handled 96 barricaded subject cases, firing their weapons on only four occasions, killing seven suspects, six of whom were killed in a shootout with the Symbionese Liberation Army (Institute for The Study of Labor and Economic Crisis, 1982).
    • LAPD SWAT team has limited use: in 1990s, they had over 7,000 officers for 2,000+ daily calls, but only 60 SWAT officers, who were called out 154 times, mostly for barricaded subjects or high-risk warrants.
    • SWAT team activations totaled 3,371 from 1972-2005, 83% of which resulted in peaceful suspect apprehensions and 1% in suspects killed by SWAT officers.
    • In small to medium-sized cities, Kraska argues for the "militarization of Mayberry" (1997a). This term is misleading, as Mayberry is a fictional town without crime or SWAT teams, and Kraska studied a city of 250,000 people.
    • In this city, SWAT teams had varying call volumes and operational structures: Louisville had 18-45 SWAT officers, 180,000 annual calls, 18-45 call-outs, and no fatalities; St. Petersburg had 40 part-time SWAT officers, 180,000 annual calls, 20 call-outs, 1-2 for hostages, and 15-20 for search warrants, with no injuries or fatalities.

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    Test your knowledge about emergency response statistics and negotiations with this quiz. Learn about the most active SWAT team in the United States and their involvement in handling various types of emergency situations.

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