NEET Botany: Systematics, Fungi & Plant Morphology

NEET GT-04 (20-01-25) Botany

• Systematics derives from the Latin word "systema," meaning systematic arrangement of organisms.

• Systematics considers the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

• A genus can have one or more specific epithets.

• A genus is a group of related species.

• Cuscuta is a parasitic plant.

• Bladderwort is an insectivorous plant.

• Trichoderma is a type of imperfect fungi.

• Saccharomyces is a unicellular fungus.

• Mode of nutrition is not a criterion for fungi classification.

• In gymnosperms, the female gametophyte bears two or more archegonia.

• The female gametophyte acts as an endosperm.

• It is also dependent on the sporophyte.

• Ectocarpus, is a branched filamentous brown alga.

• Potato is a modified stem, while sweet potato is a modified root.

• China rose, mustard, and sunflower show alternate phyllotaxy.

• In pea or bean flowers, the large posterior petal overlaps the two lateral petals.

NEET GT-04 (20-01-25)

• Floral formulas represent the adhesion of stamens and aestivation.

• Floral formulas do not represent the position of the ovary or placentation

• China rose is not a unisexual species as stated on the test sheet

• The mustard flower is tetradynamous.

• Disc florets of Helianthus have epipetalous and syngenesious androecium.

• Ray florets of Asteraceae members have an inferior ovary.

• Sieve tube elements help maintain the pressure gradient in sieve tubes.

• Companion cells store food material.

• Phloem parenchyma contains sclerenchymatous cells.

• Phloem fibers are enucleated and associated with companion cells.

• Lateral roots arise from the pericycle

• Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and proteins

• Acrocentric chromosomes have the centromere situated close to one end, with one extremely short arm and one very long arm.

• The position of the centromere determines the length of chromosome arms, resulting in unequal arms in acrocentric chromosomes.

• Adenine pairs with Uracil.

• Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

• Trypsin is an enzyme.

• Collagen is an intracellular ground substance.

• Insulin is a hormone.

• Antibodies provide defense against infection

NEET GT-04 (20-01-25)

• During the 'Go' phase of the cell cycle, the cell is metabolically inactive.

• The centrosome duplicates during the S phase of interphase.

• During meiosis, the haploid condition is achieved by separating sister chromatids in Anaphase II.

• ₄ plants differ from C3 plants in the initial substrate that accepts CO₂.

• C₄ plants also differ in the type of end product formed during the C4 cycle.

• Additionally, types of pigments involved in photosynthesis differ.

• The total number of ATP molecules consumed to fix 6 molecules of CO₂ also varies.

• Chemiosmosis needs a membrane.

• Chemiosmosis needs a proton pump.

• Chemiosmosis needs a proton gradient.

• Chemiosmosis needs ATP synthase.

• The inner mitochondrial membrane contains systems involved in electron transport.

• The mitochondrial matrix contains all enzyme complexes of the Krebs cycle, with succinate dehydrogenase being the exception.

• Redox equivalents or hydrogen generated during succinate oxidation in the TCA cycle are received by Complex II.

• Auxins promote apical dominance

• Gibberellins help with apical hook formation.

• Cytokinins enable internodal elongation.

• Ethylene aids in apical dominance.

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• ABA does not promote fruit like apple to elongate and improve its shape.

• Ethylene is largely a growth inhibitor.

• Kinetin is chemically a N6-furfurylaminopurine.

• During embryo sac formation, 6 out of 8 nuclei go through cytokinesis or wall formation.

• The egg apparatus is located at the micropylar end of the embryo sac.

• The Polygonum type embryo sac is monosporic, 7-celled, and 8-nucleated.

• Polar nuclei are not responsible for the formation of antipodal cells in the embryo sac.

• Pollen grain viability duration varies.

• Pollen viability is influenced by species-specific factors and environmental conditions like temperature and humidity.

• Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction

• The epiblast in a monocot embryo is considered a rudimentary cotyledon.

• Seeds are not always the products of pollination and fertilization. They can be formed by apomixis.

• Residual, persistent nucellus in a seed is known as perisperm.

• In snapdragons, F1 plants exhibit neither red nor white flowers

• Snapdragon flowers show incomplete dominance, with neither allele being completely dominant.

• The genotypes AABB, AAbb, aaBB, and aabb appear with a probability of 1/16 in the F2 generation of a Mendelian dihybrid cross.

NEET GT-04 (20-01-25)

• Reginald Punnett discovered Linkage and Recombination.

• Mendel formulated the Law of Inheritance.

• Sutton and Boveri discovered Parallel behavior of genes and chromosomes.

• T.H. Morgan determined the Genotype probability.

• After the fourth generation, the ratio of 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N DNA after four generations is 0:1:7

• Sigma (σ) and rho (ρ) are the initiation and termination factors of transcription in prokaryotes.

• A gene is the functional unit of inheritance and is located on DNA.

• Monocistronic structural genes are mostly found in eukaryotes, while polycistronic genes are mostly found in prokaryotes.

• Exons are coding sequences present in mature or processed RNA.

• Introns are non-coding sequences that do not appear in mature or processed RNA.

• Promoter and regulatory sequences, though not coding for RNA or protein, can affect inheritance.

• Monascus purpureus lowers blood cholesterol.

• Citric acid inhibits the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis.

• Statins are used in organ transplantation.

• Streptokinase is produced by Aspergillus.

• Cyclosporine is an important agent for use in treatment during myocardial infarction.

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• The pBR322 vector is an E. coli cloning vector.

• PBR322 has antibiotic-resistance genes, namely tetR and ampR.

• The restriction site for PvuII is present in the "rop" sequence.

• PBR322's ampicillin resistance gene has restriction sites for BamHI and SalI.

• The normal E. coli is sensitive to kanamycin and tetracycline.

• Selectable marker genes help in the selection of transformants.

• Plasmids aren't linear; instead, they are circular

• RNA interference (RNAi) effectively controls infection in tobacco plants caused by Meloidogyne incognitia.

• CryIIAb and CrylAb produce toxins to control cotton bollworms and corn borers, respectively.

• The substrate concentration needed for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to reach half its maximum velocity is Km or the Michaelis constant.

• Pith tissue is well developed in dicot stems and monocot roots

• The Malvaceae family has monoadelphous stamens

NEET GT-04 (20-01-25)

• After seven generations of mitosis, a single cell produces 128 cells

• After seven generations of mitosis, the number of mitotic divisions is 127

• During photorespiration, oxygenation of RuBP occurs in the chloroplast.

• Neither sugars nor ATP are synthesized during photorespiration.

• No NADPH synthesis occurs during photorespiration.

• During the oxygenation of RuBP, one molecule of phosphoglycerate and one molecule of phosphoglycolate are produced.

• Chondrichthyes lack an air bladder.

• Chondrichthyes retain the notochord throughout life

• In frogs, Bidder's canal is found in the kidney and transports sperm.

• The odd one out in terms of skull bones is ischium, as it's a pelvic bone, not a skull bone

• A child's DNA fingerprint matches 50% with either parent.

• DNA fingerprints are very much similar between identical twins.

• DNA fingerprinting helps in determining population and genetic diversities.

• The DNA fingerprints of a son and a daughter from the same parents do not match 100% with each other

• Adipose tissue has a semifluid ground substance.

• The main tissue that provides the structural frame to the body is areolar tissue.

• Compound epithelium aids in secretion and absorption.

• Aldosterone, a steroid hormone, primarily acts at the renal tubules.

• Aldosterone does not stimulate the excretion of sodium and water at the DCT

NEET GT-04 (20-01-25)

• The visceral nervous system relays impulses from the viscera to the central nervous system.

• Comb plates are associated with Pleurobrachia.

• Suckers are found in Fasciola.

• Medusa is a form of Aurelia.

• Spicules are present in Sycon.

• During oogenesis, a primary oocyte is found in the primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles.

• Feather-like gills are present between the hump and mantle in mollusks.

• Some mollusks are terrestrial.

• Lippes loop is not a hormonal IUD.

• Neural centers that control eating and drinking are found in the hypothalamus.

• Sarcomere has one 'I' band and two halves of 'A' bands.

• 'Z' line passes through the center of the 'I' band

• The ejaculatory duct of the male cockroach opens into the male gonopore. Located in the 4-6th segment

• The possibility of females having Down syndrome is not more than that of males.

• Down's syndrome results from aneuploidy.