Introduction to Systematics

Systematics is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the kinds of organisms, their relationships to one another, and their evolutionary history.

Phylogenetic trees are based on the DNA sequences of the cells and provide systematists with new data on which to base their phylogenetic trees.

<p>The binomial system of nomenclature is a system used to give a single name recognizable throughout the world to each individual kind of organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Linnaean hierarchical system is a means to group similar organisms together in levels of increasing inclusiveness from the species at the bottom to the most inclusive - kingdom - at the top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taxon is a general name given to the members of any level in the hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most basic division of organisms separates the living world into two groups on the basis of those possessing and those lacking a defined nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unicellular and multicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organelles are membrane-bounded structures within their cells specialized to perform certain functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autotrophy and heterotrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoautotrophs use radiant energy from the sun in the process of photosynthesis to manufacture organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemoautotrophs use chemical energy in chemosynthesis, oxidizing inorganic compounds to manufacture organic nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterotrophs are unable to do this and obtain their nutrients from the organic materials manufactured by autotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagotrophs are protists that use phagotrophy, a type of nutrition in which single cells ingest food particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saprophages are heterotrophs that break down the organic materials of dead organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of peptidoglycans in the Bacteria and their absence in the Archaea cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flagellum is an organelle that propels most cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilium is a smaller, shorter flagellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fertilization is the fusion of two gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fission is a splitting in two of the cell; one type of asexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outward growth or bud on the parent organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spores are single-celled reproductive units that are capable of developing into a new organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general theme of life cycles is that haploid cells alternate with diploid cells in the stages of the life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametic meiosis, sporic meiosis, and zygotic meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zygotic meiosis: The individual organisms are haploid, and only the zygote is diploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametic meiosis: The mature, common individuals are diploid and produce haploid gametes that fuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sporic meiosis: Also called alternation of generations because during the life cycle two kinds of individuals switch or alternate as the common individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotes are unicellular or multicellular organisms that possess linear DNA, replicate by mitotic and often meiotic division, and possess membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Three-Domain System was first introduced by Carl Woese in 1990, is also known as the Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protists are predominantly unicellular, microscopic, nonvascular organisms that do not generally form tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fungi, also nonvascular organisms, exhibit an osmotrophic type of heterotrophic nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plants are multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cellulose-containing cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms whose cells are not surrounded by cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monerans are the only prokaryotic kingdom in this classification scheme, principally made up of the bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main properties that distinguish viruses from their host cells are size, nucleic acid content, and metabolic capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virus particles are composed of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a coat of protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capsid protects the viral genome and facilitates the attachment and entry of the virus into host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helical and icosahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The length of the capsid is determined by the length of the nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elongated icosahedral capsid is shaped like a cylinder with a cap at either end, while the typical icosahedral capsid is more rounded and spherical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, and ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sense RNA virus can directly serve as mRNA, while an antisense RNA virus requires a complementary strand synthesized by a viral RNA transcriptase to serve as mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers