Introduction to Systematics
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Introduction to Systematics

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Questions and Answers

What is systematics?

Systematics is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the kinds of organisms, their relationships to one another, and their evolutionary history.

What are the two underlying goals of plant systematics?

  • Identify and classify organisms based on their evolutionary history. Develop new technologies for studying and manipulating genetic material.
  • Investigate the impact of human activities on plant biodiversity. Promote conservation efforts to protect endangered plant species.
  • Study the structure and function of plant cells. Develop new methods for breeding and cultivating crops.
  • Find, describe, give unique names to, and organize into categories the species of plants of the world. Organize plants and plant groups to reflect their evolutionary relatedness and their descent from a common ancestor. (correct)

    • What type of data are phylogenetic trees based on?

    Phylogenetic trees are based on the DNA sequences of the cells and provide systematists with new data on which to base their phylogenetic trees.

    What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

    <p>The binomial system of nomenclature is a system used to give a single name recognizable throughout the world to each individual kind of organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the binomial system, the species name is italicized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Linnaean hierarchical system?

    <p>The Linnaean hierarchical system is a means to group similar organisms together in levels of increasing inclusiveness from the species at the bottom to the most inclusive - kingdom - at the top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a taxon?

    <p>Taxon is a general name given to the members of any level in the hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most basic division of organisms in the living world?

    <p>The most basic division of organisms separates the living world into two groups on the basis of those possessing and those lacking a defined nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two forms of cellular organization?

    <p>Unicellular and multicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organelles?

    <p>Organelles are membrane-bounded structures within their cells specialized to perform certain functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic ways organisms obtain nutrients for metabolism?

    <p>Autotrophy and heterotrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are photoautotrophs?

    <p>Photoautotrophs use radiant energy from the sun in the process of photosynthesis to manufacture organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chemoautotrophs?

    <p>Chemoautotrophs use chemical energy in chemosynthesis, oxidizing inorganic compounds to manufacture organic nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are heterotrophs?

    <p>Heterotrophs are unable to do this and obtain their nutrients from the organic materials manufactured by autotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phagotrophs?

    <p>Phagotrophs are protists that use phagotrophy, a type of nutrition in which single cells ingest food particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are saprophages?

    <p>Saprophages are heterotrophs that break down the organic materials of dead organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All organisms have cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Bacteria and Archaea regarding their cell walls?

    <p>The presence of peptidoglycans in the Bacteria and their absence in the Archaea cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance makes up the exoskeletons of lobsters, crabs, cockroaches, and other arthropods?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic material of plant cells and those of many algae?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most organisms move around.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is flagellum and what is its function?

    <p>Flagellum is an organelle that propels most cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cilium?

    <p>Cilium is a smaller, shorter flagellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reproduction is the creation of new individuals from existing ones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gametes are haploid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fertilization?

    <p>Fertilization is the fusion of two gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asexual reproduction occurs in all organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fission?

    <p>Fission is a splitting in two of the cell; one type of asexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is budding?

    <p>Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outward growth or bud on the parent organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spores and what is their function?

    <p>Spores are single-celled reproductive units that are capable of developing into a new organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general theme of life cycles?

    <p>The general theme of life cycles is that haploid cells alternate with diploid cells in the stages of the life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic types of life cycles?

    <p>Gametic meiosis, sporic meiosis, and zygotic meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is zygotic meiosis?

    <p>Zygotic meiosis: The individual organisms are haploid, and only the zygote is diploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gametic meiosis?

    <p>Gametic meiosis: The mature, common individuals are diploid and produce haploid gametes that fuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sporic meiosis?

    <p>Sporic meiosis: Also called alternation of generations because during the life cycle two kinds of individuals switch or alternate as the common individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major groups (sometimes called domains) of organisms?

    <p>Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea and Bacteria are generally small, mostly unicellular organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea and Bacteria replicate by fission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea and Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea and Bacteria have the same chemical structure of certain cellular components

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are eukaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes are unicellular or multicellular organisms that possess linear DNA, replicate by mitotic and often meiotic division, and possess membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Three-Domain System?

    <p>The Three-Domain System was first introduced by Carl Woese in 1990, is also known as the Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are protists?

    <p>The protists are predominantly unicellular, microscopic, nonvascular organisms that do not generally form tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fungi?

    <p>The fungi, also nonvascular organisms, exhibit an osmotrophic type of heterotrophic nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plants?

    <p>The plants are multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cellulose-containing cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are animals?

    <p>Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms whose cells are not surrounded by cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monerans?

    <p>Monerans are the only prokaryotic kingdom in this classification scheme, principally made up of the bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are living things.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main properties that distinguish viruses from their host cells?

    <p>The three main properties that distinguish viruses from their host cells are size, nucleic acid content, and metabolic capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nucleic acid found in viruses?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can synthesize their own protein and nucleic acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a virus particle?

    <p>Virus particles are composed of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a coat of protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All viruses have the same size and shape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capsid?

    <p>The capsid protects the viral genome and facilitates the attachment and entry of the virus into host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of capsid symmetry?

    <p>Helical and icosahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the length of a helical capsid?

    <p>The length of the capsid is determined by the length of the nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between the icosahedral capsid and the elongated icosahedral capsid?

    <p>The elongated icosahedral capsid is shaped like a cylinder with a cap at either end, while the typical icosahedral capsid is more rounded and spherical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can only reproduce in living cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of nucleic acid found in viral genomes?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All viruses have the same type of nucleic acid genome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four categories of virus genomes?

    <p>dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, and ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of fungal viruses have ssRNA genomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of plant viruses have dsDNA genomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of prokaryotic viruses have ssRNA genomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a sense RNA virus and an antisense RNA virus?

    <p>A sense RNA virus can directly serve as mRNA, while an antisense RNA virus requires a complementary strand synthesized by a viral RNA transcriptase to serve as mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest virus genomes are larger than the smallest cellular genomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Systematics

    • Systematics is the branch of biology studying organism types, relationships, and evolutionary history
    • Two main goals are:
      • Classifying and naming plant species globally
      • Reflecting evolutionary relationships and common ancestry in plant groupings
    • Modern systematics is driven by molecular biology discoveries, especially DNA sequencing
    • Phylogenetic trees visually represent evolutionary divergence
      • Oldest ancestors near the base, youngest descendants near the top

    Binomial System of Nomenclature

    • A standardized naming system for organisms
    • Each organism has a unique two-part Latin name (genus + species)
    • The genus name is capitalized, while the species name is not
    • The name is italicized in print

    Taxonomic Hierarchy

    • The Linnaean hierarchical system groups organisms by increasing inclusiveness
    • Species are grouped into genera, genera into families, families into orders, and so forth, up to kingdoms
    • 'Taxon' is a general name given to the members of any level in the hierarchy

    Evolutionary History

    • Linnaeus' ideas transformed biological classification in the 18th century
    • Darwin's theory of evolution revolutionized biology in the 19th century
    • Molecular sequencing significantly changed phylogenetic understanding in the 20th century

    Defining and Classifying Organisms

    • Biologists use specific organism features for classification:
      • Presence/absence of a nucleus
      • Unicellular/multicellular structure and organelles
      • Mode of nutrition
      • Presence/absence of cell walls
      • Cell wall composition
      • Motility
      • Reproduction methods
      • Life cycle patterns

    The Cell Nucleus

    • The nucleus is an organelle containing the majority of genetic material (DNA)
    • A nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus

    Cellular Organization

    • Some organisms are unicellular, while others are multicellular
    • Some unicellular organisms form filaments, sheets, or colonies

    Nutrition Strategies

    • Autotrophs produce their own food (photoautotrophs use sunlight, chemoautotrophs use chemicals)
    • Heterotrophs obtain nutrients from other organisms (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, saprophages)

    Cell Walls

    • Most organisms, except animals and some protists, have cell walls
    • Bacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls
    • Fungi have chitin cell walls
    • Plant cells have cellulose cell walls

    Motility

    • Many organisms are motile (able to move)
    • Various movement methods include flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
    • Some are sessile (attached)

    Reproduction

    • Reproduction can be asexual (no gametes) or sexual (fusion of gametes)
    • Common asexual methods include fission, budding, and spore formation
    • Sexual reproduction often involves alternation of generations

    Life Cycles

    • Three basic types of life cycles exist:
      • Zygotic meiosis (haploid organisms, diploid zygotes)
      • Gametic meiosis (diploid organisms, haploid gametes)
      • Sporic meiosis (alternation of generations)

    Domains of Life

    • Currently, three domains of life are recognized:
      • Archaea (also called Archaebacteria), Bacteria (also called Eubacteria), and Eukarya (or eukaryotes)
    • Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
      • DNA is circular

    Viruses

    • Viruses are characterized by a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein
    • Viruses require living cells to replicate
    • Classification:
    • Size, nucleic acid, and metabolic capabilities are important
    • Symmetry (helical or icosahedral (20-sided)) is significant
    • Some have envelopes, derived from host cell membranes
    • Viruses are non-cellular
    • Conical and rod-shaped capsids: some viruses have these shapes

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    Systematic Biology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the field of systematics, focusing on the classification and naming of plant species. It covers the goals of systematics, the binomial system of nomenclature, and the taxonomic hierarchy. Understand how evolutionary relationships are represented through phylogenetic trees and the significance of molecular biology in modern classifications.

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