NEET Botany Plant Kingdom and Flowering Plants

Plant Kingdom

• In moss, the first stage of gametophyte in the life cycle is the protonema stage.
• Exarch condition is the most common feature of the root system.
• Heterosporous pteridophytes include Equisetum and Salvinia, and Selaginella and Salvinia.

Morphology of Flowering Plants

• Family Fabaceae differs from Solanaceae and Liliaceae in terms of the stamens, specifically having Diadelphous and Dithecous anthers.
• Axile placentation is observed in China rose, Petunia, and Lemon.

Biomolecules

• Cellulose does not form a blue color with iodine because it does not contain complex helices and hence cannot hold iodine molecules.
• ATP is used at two steps in glycolysis: first in converting glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and second in converting fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1-6-diphosphate.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

• Among eukaryotes, replication of DNA takes place in the S phase.
• Recombination nodules occur at the pachytene sub-stage of prophase I in meiosis.
• Movement and accumulation of ions across a membrane against their concentration gradient can be explained by active transport.

Transport in Plants

• The forces generated by transpiration can lift a xylem-sized column of water over 130 meters height.
• Transpiration cools leaf surfaces sometimes by 10 to 15 degrees, by evaporative cooling.

Plant Growth and Development

• Spraying gibberellic acid on juvenile conifers helps in hastening the maturity period, leading to early seed production.
• Dedifferentiation is a phenomenon where leaf mesophyll cells are put in a culture medium to form callus.

Mineral Nutrition

• Manganese is the micronutrient required for splitting of water molecule during photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

• 18 ATP and 12 NADPH2 are required for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose during the Calvin cycle.
• The reaction centre in PS II has an absorption maxima at 680 nm.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Large, colourful, fragrant flowers with nectar are seen in insect-pollinated plants.
• In angiosperm, the haploid, diploid, and triploid structures of a fertilized embryo sac are synergids, zygote, and primary endosperm nucleus, respectively.
• The function of tassels in the corn cob is to trap pollen grains.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Pleiotropism refers to a single gene affecting multiple phenotypic expressions.
• The frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same chromosome is used to map their position on the chromosome, a technique first used by Alfred Sturtevant.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• RNA polymerase III transcribes precursor of mRNA in eukaryotes.
• Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) refer to certain important expressed genes.

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• The role of gene gun method is to introduce alien DNA into host cells using microparticles of tungsten or gold.
• During purification process for recombinant DNA technology, addition of chilled ethanol precipitates out DNA.

Environmental Issues

• The historic Convention on Biological Diversity, ‘The Earth Summit’ was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
• Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the most important causes driving extinction of species.
• The thickness of ozone in a column of air in the atmosphere is measured in terms of Dobson units.

Biodiversity and Conservation

• Co-extinctions, habitat loss and fragmentation, over exploitation for economic gain, and alien species invasions are the four primary drivers of extinction of species.### Biochemistry
• In chemiosmosis, the required combination is: proton pump, electron gradient, NADP synthase or membrane, proton pump, proton gradient, ATP synthase.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is associated with the electron transport system.
• Tricarboxylic acid cycle is associated with citrate synthase.
• Glycolysis is associated with the EMP pathway.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Klinefelter's Syndrome: a genetic disorder characterized by overall masculine development, but with some feminine features, and the individual is sterile.
• In Klinefelter's Syndrome, physical, psychomotor, and mental development are retarded.

Environmental Issues

• Bioaccumulation: the increase in the concentration of toxic substances in organisms at successive trophic levels.
• Biodegradation of organic matter in sewage-polluted water bodies consumes oxygen, causing the death of aquatic organisms.
• Algal blooms caused by excess organic matter in water improve water quality and promote fisheries.
• Water hyacinth grows abundantly in eutrophic water bodies and leads to an imbalance in ecosystem dynamics.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• The ribosome consists of 60 different proteins.
• Low temperature preserves enzymes in a temporarily inactive state, while high temperature destroys enzymatic activity.
• Competitive inhibitors resemble substrates in molecular structure and inhibit enzyme activity.
• Proteins are imagined as a line, with the left end representing the first amino acid (C-terminal) and the right end representing the last amino acid (N-terminal).

Structural Organisation in Animals

• Ligaments are dense irregular tissue.
• Cartilage is dense regular tissue.

Digestion and Absorption

• The caecum prevents the backflow of undigested and unabsorbed substances by the ileo-caecal valve.
• Peptic cells secrete mucus.
• Goblet cells secrete bile juice.
• Oxyntic cells secrete proenzyme pepsinogen.
• Hepatic cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for the absorption of vitamin B12.

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

• Vital capacity of the lung is IRV + ERV + TV.

Neural Control and Coordination

• Fovea is the point of greatest visual acuity or resolution.
• Iris regulates the diameter of the pupil.
• Blind spot is the point where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball and photoreceptor cells are absent.
• Sclera is the external layer of the eye formed of dense connective tissue.

Body Fluids and Circulation

• P-wave represents the beginning of systole.
• Q-wave represents repolarization of ventricles.
• QRS complex represents depolarization of atria.
• T-wave represents depolarization of ventricles.

Excretory Products and their Elimination

• Nephrons are of two types: cortical and juxta-medullary, based on their relative position in the cortex and medulla.
• Juxta-medullary nephrons have short loops of Henle, whereas cortical nephrons have longer loops of Henle.

Human Reproduction

• Vas deferens receives a duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
• The cavity of the cervix is called the cervical canal, which along with the vagina forms the birth canal.

Locomotion and Movement

• Cartilaginous joints are found between flat skull bones.
• Ball and socket joints are found between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.

Genetic Disorders

• Broad palm with a single palm crease is visible in a person suffering from Down's syndrome.### Amniocentesis and Sex Determination
• Amniocentesis is one of the strategies of Reproductive and Child Health Care.
• It is banned to check the increasing menace of female foeticide.

Gene Expression and Biological Processes

• Gene 'a' codes for β-galactosidase.
• Gene 'y' codes for Transacetylase.
• Gene 'i' codes for Permease.
• Gene 'z' codes for Repressor protein.

DNA Structure and Replication

• In prokaryotes, the positively charged DNA is held with some negatively charged proteins in a region called nucleoid.
• In eukaryotes, the negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer to form nucleosome.

Adaptive Radiation and Evolution

• Australian Marsupials exhibiting adaptive radiation are Numbat, Spotted cuscus, and Flying phalanger.

Human Health and Disease

• Ringworm is caused by Trichophyton.
• Filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti.
• Malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax.
• Pneumonia is caused by Haemophilus influenzae.

Biotechnology and its Applications

• Probe is not a cloning vector.
• BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) is a cloning vector.
• YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) is a cloning vector.
• pBR322 is a cloning vector.

Techniques in Biotechnology

• ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay) is a technique used for the early diagnosis of a disease for its early treatment.
• Recombinant DNA Technology is a technique used for the early diagnosis of a disease for its early treatment.
• Serum and Urine analysis is a technique used for the early diagnosis of a disease for its early treatment.
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used for the early diagnosis of a disease for its early treatment.

Interactions in Ecosystems

• Algal Bloom decreases fish mortality.
• Eutrophication refers to the increase in domestic sewage and wastewater in lakes.
• Biomagnification refers to the increase in concentration of the toxicant at successive trophic levels.

Environmental Issues

• Presence of a large amount of nutrients in water restricts 'Algal Bloom'.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

• During the Go phase of the cell cycle, the cell is metabolically inactive.
• The centrosome undergoes duplication during the S phase of interphase.

Zoology

• Unique mammalian characteristics are pinna, monocondylic skull, and mammary glands.
• Chordates have a mid-dorsal, solid, and double nerve cord.
• Cockroach has a dark brown body color and anal cerci.

Structural Organisation in Animals

• Mast cells are found in areolar connective tissue.
• Inner surface of bronchiole is lined with ciliated epithelium.
• Blood is a type of cuboidal epithelium.
• Tubular parts of nephron are lined with specialized connective tissue.

Body Fluids and Circulation

• Basophils are involved in the inflammatory response.
• Basophils secrete histamine, serotonin, and heparin.

Excretory Products and their Elimination

• ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) facilitates water reabsorption to prevent diuresis.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• The sequence on the corresponding coding strand is 3’ ATCGATCGATCGTCGATCGATCG.

Locomotion and Movement

• Striated appearance of skeletal muscle fiber is due to the distribution pattern of actin and myosin proteins.

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Inbreeding decreases the productivity of the inbred population, after continuous inbreeding.

Organisms and Populations

• Logistic growth occurs under unlimited resource availability conditions.
• Exponential growth occurs under limited resource availability conditions.
• Expanding age pyramid has the percent individuals of pre-reproductive age is largest, followed by reproductive and post-reproductive age groups.
• Stable age pyramid has the percent individuals of pre-reproductives and reproductive age group are the same.