Respiratory II

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the trachea?

To produce sound for speech

To filter debris from incoming air

To protect the airway during swallowing

To transport air to and from the lungs (correct)

At which spinal level does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi?

T5 (correct)

What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

To open the airway for breathing

To produce mucus

To cover the larynx and protect the airway (correct)

To assist in vocal cord movement

Which cartilage of the larynx is leaf-shaped?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle bridges the gaps in the tracheal rings?

Trachealis muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the trachea?

Made of cartilage rings that are c-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are responsible for moving the vocal cords?

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What connects the larynx to the lungs?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the larynx related to the digestive system?

To prevent food from entering the trachea. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Subclavian triangle Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are categorized as intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve primarily innervates the platysma muscle?

Facial nerve (CN VII) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the carotid sheath in the neck?

To encase the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. Signup and view all the answers

The investing layer of the fascial layers of the neck primarily encloses which structure?

The sternocleidomastoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the roots of the brachial plexus?

C5-T1 Signup and view all the answers

Which neurovascular structure is primarily responsible for voice production?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the deep branches of the cervical plexus?

Provide motor innervation to the diaphragm and deep neck muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which block is used for superficial surgeries of the head and neck?

Superficial cervical plexus block Signup and view all the answers

What two cervical spinal nerves contribute to the ansa cervicalis?

C2 and C3 Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily supported by the cartilage in the upper airways?

Windpipe Signup and view all the answers

Which surgery would typically require a deep cervical plexus block?

Thyroid surgery Signup and view all the answers

What does the cervical plexus provide to the diaphragm?

Motor innervation Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical clinical consideration when operating in the neck region, associated with the ansa cervicalis?

Its location varies significantly among individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Erb's Point is accurate?

Wilhelm Heinrich Erb was instrumental in identifying this point's significance. Signup and view all the answers

What forms the deep boundary of the submandibular triangle?

Mylohyoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which structures define the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Which layer makes up the superficial border of the posterior triangle?

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle cross through in the posterior triangle?

Sternocleidomastoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

What major salivary gland is associated with the submandibular triangle?

Submandibular gland Signup and view all the answers

Which vein is formed by the merging of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins?

Retromandibular vein Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle joins the sternocleidomastoid at the superior nuchal line?

Trapezius muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the facial vein drain into?

Internal jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus?

To detect stretch as a measure of blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve primarily innervates the carotid sinus?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the carotid body?

To respond to changes in oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the cervical plexus?

Phrenic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What happens when external pressure is applied to the carotid sinus in hypersensitive individuals?

It causes syncope due to brain underperfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the cervical plexus innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

Ansa cervicalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of applying pressure to the carotid triangle in patients with hypersensitive baroreceptors?

Decreased heart rate and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What does a cervical plexus block provide to the head and neck region?

Anesthesia and analgesia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neck Triangles

The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles to help with communication regarding location and organization of numerous neck structures.
The anterior triangle is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible.
The posterior triangle is bounded by the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior border of the trapezius muscle, and the middle third of the clavicle.
The posterior triangle is further divided into the occipital and subclavian triangles by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

Boundaries of Subdivisions

The deep boundary of the carotid and muscular triangles is formed by the pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia.
The mylohyoid muscle forms the deep boundary of the submandibular and submental triangles.
The submandibular gland lies within the submandibular triangle.

Carotid Triangle

The carotid triangle contains the carotid sinus, a dilated portion of the common carotid and internal carotid arteries.
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus detect stretch as a measure of blood pressure and transmit this information to the brain via the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The carotid body, located near the carotid sinus, senses oxygen levels in the blood and initiates a reflex to adjust respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Cervical Plexus

The cervical plexus is a network of nerves arising from the anterior rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4).
It supplies motor innervation to muscles of the neck and diaphragm and sensory innervation to parts of the head, neck, and chest.
The ansa cervicalis, a loop of nerve fibers, innervates the infrahyoid and geniohyoid muscles.

Upper Airways

The upper airways are the structures outside the chest that facilitate the process of respiration.
The larynx is a vital structure in the upper airways, playing a role in speech production and preventing airway collapse.

Larynx

The larynx is made of cartilage, ligaments, and muscles.
Important cartilages of the larynx include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid.
The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage that closes over the airway during swallowing.
The larynx houses the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound.

Trachea

The trachea is a tube that carries air to and from the lungs.
It is composed of C-shaped cartilage rings, keeping it open.
The trachealis muscle bridges the gap at the back of the rings.
The trachea divides at the carina into the primary bronchi.

Clinical Correlations

The carotid sinus is a clinically sensitive area, and external pressure can cause syncope in some individuals.
The cervical plexus block is a regional anesthetic technique used for head, neck, and shoulder surgery.
Understanding the location of structures within the neck triangles is essential for various medical specialties, including anesthesiology, otolaryngology, and physical medicine and rehabilitation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of neck triangles, including their boundaries and subdivisions. This quiz covers the anterior and posterior triangles, as well as the carotid triangle and its contents. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or medical professionals.