Neck Muscles Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following muscles has its origin from the body of the hyoid bone?

  • Omohyoid muscle
  • Thyrohyoid muscle
  • Sternohyoid muscle (correct)
  • Sternothyroid muscle

    • Which muscle group is subdivided into medial or prevertebral group and lateral group?

  • The lateral group
  • Infrahyoid muscles
  • The posterior group (correct)
  • The anterior group

    • What is the function of the Omohyoid muscle?

  • Elevates the hyoid bone
  • Depresses the hyoid bone (correct)
  • Elevates the larynx
  • Depresses the larynx

    • Which nerve supply all infrahyoid muscles?

    <p>Branches of the cervicalis ansa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Sternothyroid muscle insert?

    <p>Posterior surface of the manubrium of sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Sternothyroid muscle?

    <p>Depresses the hyoid bone and larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Thyrohyoid muscle originate?

    <p>Body and great horn of the hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Thyrohyoid muscle?

    <p>Depresses the hyoid bone and elevates the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms the lateral boundary of the submandibular triangle?

    <p>Digastric muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, omohyoid muscle, and digastric muscle?

    <p>Carotid triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is found in the occipital triangle?

    <p>CN XI /external branch/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle that forms the floor of the submandibular triangle?

    <p>Mylohyoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not found in the carotid triangle?

    <p>Submandibular gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms the lateral boundary of the omotracheal triangle?

    <p>Omohyoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the triangle that contains the thyroid gland?

    <p>Omotracheal triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is found in the submandibular triangle?

    <p>CN XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does the external carotid artery pass through the parotid gland and terminate?

    <p>At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve does the superior laryngeal artery pierce the thyrohyoid membrane with?

    <p>CN X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of the external carotid artery to the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle?

    <p>Medial to the internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the middle part of the larynx?

    <p>Cricothyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of the external carotid artery to the pharynx in the carotid triangle?

    <p>Deep to the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the external carotid artery deep to within the parotid gland?

    <p>Posterior belly of the digastric muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main artery that supplies the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many branches does the external carotid artery give off?

    <p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the thyroid gland?

    <p>Inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve does the superior thyroid artery descend with?

    <p>External laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main vein of the neck?

    <p>Internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the thyrocervical trunk that supplies the thyroid gland?

    <p>Inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the costocervical trunk that supplies the intercostal region?

    <p>Highest intercostal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vein that is formed by the union of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?

    <p>Brachiocephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk?

    <p>Inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the internal jugular vein?

    <p>Sigmoid venous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscle?

    <p>Styloid process of the temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the muscle that originates from the mastoid process of the temporal bone?

    <p>Turns the face superiorly towards the opposite side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?

    <p>CN V3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the muscle that originates from the mastoid process of the temporal bone?

    <p>Manubrium of the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the middle group of muscles when acting together?

    <p>Turns the face superiorly upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the muscle that inserts into the body of the hyoid bone?

    <p>Mylohyoid line on the internal aspect of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the muscle that originates from the mastoid process of the temporal bone?

    <p>Cervical plexus and cervical part of CN XI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?

    <p>Elevates the floor of the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of lymph collected from the deep cervical nodes?

    <p>Into the jugular trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of the pharynx to the alimentary and the respiratory systems?

    <p>It is a common passage for both systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch that supplies the thyroid gland?

    <p>The branch of the thyrocervical trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the pharynx?

    <p>From the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the pharynx?

    <p>About 12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the external carotid artery and the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle?

    <p>The external carotid artery is deep to the internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the thyrocervical trunk supplies the thyroid gland?

    <p>Inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the superior laryngeal artery?

    <p>It pierces the thyrohyoid membrane with the superior laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main vein of the neck?

    <p>Internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the subclavian artery and the brachial plexus?

    <p>They are sometimes separate by the minor scalene muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the subclavian artery?

    <p>It runs below the first rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a branch of the neck?

    <p>Subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of the cranial nerves to the neck?

    <p>They are part of the nerves of the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organization of the lymphatic drainage of the neck?

    <p>It is organized into superficial and deep nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical fascia gives off septa that can be subdivided into five parts?

    <p>Deep cervical fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pretracheal fascia and the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia?

    <p>The investing layer merges laterally with the pretracheal fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is enclosed by the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the superficial cervical fascia?

    <p>Variable amounts of adipose tissue and the platysma muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many parts can the septa of the deep cervical fascia be subdivided into?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level at which the internal carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery?

    <p>At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery in the neck?

    <p>The internal carotid artery lies medially to the external carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the internal carotid artery within the carotid canal?

    <p>The internal carotid artery ascends upward and then forward by the cavernous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein in the neck?

    <p>The internal carotid artery lies lateral to the internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the termination of the internal carotid artery?

    <p>It terminates intracranially in the middle cranial fossa, medially to the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the auricular nerve?

    <p>To supply the skin of the external auditory meatus and the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of the vagus nerve to the internal jugular vein in the neck?

    <p>The vagus nerve lies medially to the internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the vagus nerve in the neck?

    <p>It descends through the neck and thorax to the oesophageal plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the vagus nerve that arises from the superior vagal ganglion?

    <p>Meningeal branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that the vagus nerve leaves the skull through?

    <p>Jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?

    <p>Plane synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the conus elasticus?

    <p>Forms the vocal fold (true vocal cord)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the quadangular membrane and the aryepiglottic fold?

    <p>The quadangular membrane is a part of the aryepiglottic fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane?

    <p>Unites the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the posterior surface of the body and the greater horns of the hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the cricothyroid joint?

    <p>Located between the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage and the lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the conus elasticus and the vocal fold?

    <p>The conus elasticus forms the vocal fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that the crico-arytenoid joint is?

    <p>Plane synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the quadangular membrane?

    <p>Passes from the lateral margin of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the thyrohyoid membrane and the hyoid bone?

    <p>The thyrohyoid membrane unites the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the posterior surface of the body and the greater horns of the hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the quadangular membrane?

    <p>Passes from the lateral margin of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary of the Supraclavicular triangle?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid, omohyoid and clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is found in the Anterior fissure of the scalene muscles?

    <p>Subclavian vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the muscle that forms the posterior boundary of the Anterior fissure of the scalene muscles?

    <p>Anterior scalene muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is found in the Supraclavicular triangle?

    <p>Subclavian artery, subclavian vein and brachial plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary of the Posterior fissure of the scalene muscles?

    <p>Anteriorly - anterior scalene muscle, posteriorly - middle scalene muscle, inferiorly - first rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the groove for the subclavian vein?

    <p>On the first rib, anterior to the scalene tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of the internal carotid artery to the external carotid artery in the neck?

    <p>The internal carotid artery is lateral to the external carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary of the Anterior fissure of the scalene muscles?

    <p>Anteriorly - sternocleidomastoid muscle, posteriorly - anterior scalene muscle, inferiorly - first rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve hooks around the external carotid artery?

    <p>XII nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves is a cutaneous branch from the cervical plexus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the middle ear?

    <p>Inferior tympanic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level at which the external carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery?

    <p>Same level as the facial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the posterior auricular artery that supplies the middle ear?

    <p>Posterior tympanic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction in which the external carotid artery runs?

    <p>Backwards and downwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region through which the internal carotid artery passes?

    <p>Carotid canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the scalp?

    <p>Occipital branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary tributary of the sigmoid sinus?

    <p>Occipital sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is formed by the union of the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein?

    <p>External jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the anterior jugular vein?

    <p>Subclavian vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the jugular arch?

    <p>Unites the two anterior jugular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins is not a tributary of the internal jugular vein?

    <p>Thoracic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the vertebral vein and the deep cervical vein?

    <p>They are both branches of the brachiocephalic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins drains into the subclavian vein?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the posterior auricular vein?

    <p>Drains the posterior aspect of the scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the left and right jugular trunks?

    <p>The left jugular trunk drains into the thoracic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the deep cervical nodes in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

    <p>Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the pharynx?

    <p>12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the width of the pharynx at its upper part?

    <p>1.5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level at which the pharynx becomes the upper part of the oesophagus?

    <p>C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pharynx?

    <p>It is a common passage for the alimentary and respiratory systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the pharynx?

    <p>From the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greatest width of the pharynx?

    <p>5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a cricothyrotomy?

    <p>To provide emergency air supply to the trachea and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is found in the posterior wall of the trachea?

    <p>Unstriated muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve branch supplies the mucous membrane of the infraglottic portion of the larynx?

    <p>Inferior laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical landmark at which the trachea begins?

    <p>The level of the 6th cervical vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a tracheostomy?

    <p>To provide ventilation to patients in bad condition using a respirator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage makes up the C-shaped rings of the trachea?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies posterior to the trachea in the neck?

    <p>Oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle that is not supplied by the inferior laryngeal nerve?

    <p>Cricothyroid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is responsible for visceral sensory function?

    <p>Nucleus of the tractus solitarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of nuclei of the vagal nerve?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibers supply the heart, lungs, and the alimentary canal near to the splenic flexure?

    <p>General visceral motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the superior parathyroid glands?

    <p>Near the middle of the lobe of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the special visceral motor fibers?

    <p>Innervate the striated muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the general visceral sensory fibers?

    <p>Come from the mucous membrane of the palate, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, and the alimentary canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the inferior parathyroid glands?

    <p>Near the base of the thyroid lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of fibers does the vagal nerve consist of?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the special visceral sensory fibers?

    <p>Come from the valleculae and the epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of pairs of parathyroid glands?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    External Carotid Artery (ECA)

    • Divides into two terminal branches: maxillary and superficial temporal arteries at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage
    • Located in the carotid triangle and within the parotid gland
    • Laterally to the internal carotid artery (ICA) and medially to the CN VII and retromandibular vein
    • Gives off eight branches, categorized into two groups:
      • Anterior aspect:
        • Superior thyroid artery
        • Superior laryngeal artery
        • Cricothyroid artery
      • Posterior aspect:
        • Vertebral artery
        • Internal thoracic artery
        • Thyrocervical trunk
        • Costocervical trunk

    Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)

    • Supplies the greater part of the brain and the contents of the orbit
    • Origin: bifurcation of the common carotid artery at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C6)
    • End: terminates intracranially in the middle cranial fossa, medially to the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone
    • Course: ascends to the base of the skull, first located posterolaterally to the external carotid artery, then medially to that artery
    • Relations:
      • Within the neck: lies within the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein laterally and the vagus nerve behind
      • In the carotid triangle: lies laterally and posteriorly to the ECA, posteriorly and medially to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and anteriorly to the prevertebral fascia and the sympathetic trunk

    Veins of the Neck

    • Three main veins:
      • Internal jugular vein
      • External jugular vein
      • Anterior jugular vein
    • Internal jugular vein:
      • Arises as the continuation of the sigmoid venous sinus
      • Ascends through the neck and behind the medial end of the clavicle, where it is joined by the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
      • Relations:
        • Laterally by the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
        • Medially by the anterior belly of the digastric muscle
        • Inferiorly by the mandible
      • Floor: formed by the mylohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle, and the pharynx

    Triangles of the Neck

    • Anterior triangle of the neck:
      • Submandibular triangle
      • Carotid triangle
      • Muscular triangle or omotracheal triangle
      • Submental triangle
    • Posterior triangle of the neck:
      • Occipital triangle
      • Supraclavicular triangle
      • Omoclavicular triangle
      • Greater supraclavicular fossa
    • Relations:
      • Sternocleidomastoid muscle
      • Omohyoid muscle
      • Digastric muscle
      • Scalene muscles

    Muscles of the Neck

    • Suprahyoid muscles:
      • Mylohyoid muscle
      • Stylohyoid muscle
      • Digastric muscle
    • Infrahyoid muscles:
      • Omohyoid muscle
      • Sternohyoid muscle
      • Sternothyroid muscle
      • Thyrohyoid muscle
    • Posterior group:
      • Longus colli muscle
      • Longus capitis muscle
      • Rectus capitis anterior muscle
      • Lateral group

    Lymphatic Drainage of the Neck

    • Groups of superficial nodes:
      • Submandibular nodes
      • Submental nodes
      • Anterior cervical nodes
      • Posterior cervical nodes
    • Groups of deep nodes:
      • Deep cervical nodes
      • Jugular trunk
      • Thoracic duct
      • Right lymphatic duct

    Pharynx

    • Muscular tube extending from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
    • Subdivided into three regions:
      • Nasopharynx
      • Oropharynx
      • Laryngopharynx
    • Relations:
      • Base of the skull
      • Lower border of the cricoid cartilage
      • Level of the 6th cervical vertebra### Emergency Therapy for Asphyxiation
    • In case of object entering the larynx, emergency therapy is required to supply air to the trachea and lungs
    • A large needle should be inserted into the median cricothyroid ligament, a procedure called cricothyrotomy

    Inferior Laryngeal Nerve

    • Inferior laryngeal nerve (nervus laryngeus inferior) is a branch from the recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagal nerve)
    • Supplies mucous of infraglottic portion of the larynx and all intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid muscle)

    Trachea

    • Cervical portion of trachea is a tube composed of cartilages and membranes
    • Maintained by a series of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, incomplete posteriorly
    • Posteriorly, across the gap of each cartilage, is a thin coat of unstriated muscle (trachealis), called membranous wall
    • Cartilages united by fibro-elastic membranes, named anular ligaments
    • Begins at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra (at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage)
    • Anteriorly situated is the thyroid gland and posteriorly the trachea lies on the oesophagus
    • Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure in which an opening in the trachea is made to allow patients in bad condition ventilation by respirator

    Tributaries

    • Sigmoid sinus (sinus sigmoideus)
    • Occipital sinus (sinus occipitalis)
    • Inferior petrosal sinus (sinus petrosus inferior)
    • Occipital vein (vena occipitalis)
    • Facial vein (vena facialis)
    • Pharyngeal plexus (plexus pharyngeus)
    • Lingual vein (vena lingualis)
    • Superior and inferior thyroid veins (vena thyroidea superior et inferior)
    • Thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) on the left side
    • Right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter) on the right side

    External Jugular Vein

    • A superficial vein formed behind the angle of the mandible by the union of the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein
    • May enter either the internal jugular, brachiocephalic, or subclavian veins
    • Tributaries:
      • Posterior auricular vein (vena auricularis posterior)
      • Occipital vein (vena occipitalis)
      • Suprascapular vein (vena suprascapular)
      • Transverse cervical vein (vena transversa colli)

    Anterior Jugular Vein

    • Begins below the hyoid bone to enter the external jugular or subclavian veins
    • Jugular arch unites the two anterior jugular veins

    Occipital Artery

    • Relations:
      • Arises at the same level as the facial artery
      • Runs backwards across carotid sheath where the CN XII hooks around it
    • Branches:
      • Branches for muscles (neck and suboccipital)
      • Mastoid branch
      • Auricular branch
      • Occipital branch

    Posterior Auricular Artery

    • Relations:
      • Passes along the upper border of the posterior belly of the digastric
      • Passes through the apical part of the parotid gland to the lateral aspect of the scalp
    • Branches:
      • Auricular branch
      • Posterior tympanic artery - to the middle ear
      • Branches to the muscles
      • Stylomastoid artery
      • Occipital branch

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