Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter is widely and uniformly distributed throughout the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is widely and uniformly distributed throughout the brain?
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- GABA (correct)
- Dopamine
What is the main inhibitory transmitter in the brain at the cellular level?
What is the main inhibitory transmitter in the brain at the cellular level?
- Glutamate
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- GABA (correct)
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of GABA from glutamate?
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of GABA from glutamate?
- Glutathione reductase
- Glutamine synthetase
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase (correct)
- Glutathione peroxidase
What is the receptor target for GABAB?
What is the receptor target for GABAB?
What physiological response is associated with GABAB receptor activation at the cellular level?
What physiological response is associated with GABAB receptor activation at the cellular level?
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Which ion is GABAA receptor permeable to?
Which ion is GABAA receptor permeable to?
What binds to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor?
What binds to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor?
Which ion is the NMDA receptor permeable to?
Which ion is the NMDA receptor permeable to?
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is vital for synaptic plasticity at the cellular level?
Which neurotransmitter is vital for synaptic plasticity at the cellular level?
What is the neurochemical basis for epileptic seizures?
What is the neurochemical basis for epileptic seizures?
Which syndrome is associated with progressive mental retardation and neurodegeneration due to excessive glutamate release?
Which syndrome is associated with progressive mental retardation and neurodegeneration due to excessive glutamate release?
What type of seizures involve abrupt staring and thalamocortical oscillations?
What type of seizures involve abrupt staring and thalamocortical oscillations?
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Which receptors does glutamate activate?
Which receptors does glutamate activate?
Which neurotransmitter system does glutamate modulate at the behavioral level?
Which neurotransmitter system does glutamate modulate at the behavioral level?
What is the cellular process where glutamate plays a vital role?
What is the cellular process where glutamate plays a vital role?
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter receptor permeable to Na+, Ca2+, and K+ ions?
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter receptor permeable to Na+, Ca2+, and K+ ions?
Which ions have facilitatory and inhibitory sites on the NMDA receptor?
Which ions have facilitatory and inhibitory sites on the NMDA receptor?
Which antiepileptic drug mechanism is NOT mentioned in the provided information?
Which antiepileptic drug mechanism is NOT mentioned in the provided information?
What is the primary goal of antiepileptic drug treatment for epilepsy?
What is the primary goal of antiepileptic drug treatment for epilepsy?
Which drug is a GABA transaminase inhibitor used as an antiepileptic?
Which drug is a GABA transaminase inhibitor used as an antiepileptic?
Which benzodiazepine effect is NOT typically associated with its pharmacological profile?
Which benzodiazepine effect is NOT typically associated with its pharmacological profile?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized clinical anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized clinical anxiety disorder?
Which type of benzodiazepines has the shortest duration of action?
Which type of benzodiazepines has the shortest duration of action?
Which antiepileptic drug mechanism involves binding to a subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels?
Which antiepileptic drug mechanism involves binding to a subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels?
Which drug is NOT typically used as an anxiolytic?
Which drug is NOT typically used as an anxiolytic?
What is the primary reason benzodiazepines are recommended for short durations?
What is the primary reason benzodiazepines are recommended for short durations?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action for antiepileptic drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action for antiepileptic drugs?
Which drug enhances GABAergic transmission at the GABAA receptor by increasing GABA's affinity for the receptor?
Which drug enhances GABAergic transmission at the GABAA receptor by increasing GABA's affinity for the receptor?
Which anxiolytic drug class works by agonizing 5-HT1A receptors?
Which anxiolytic drug class works by agonizing 5-HT1A receptors?
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Study Notes
Antiepileptic Drugs and Anxiolytic Drugs
- Antiepileptic drugs include diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, vigabatrin, gabapentin, lamotrigine, felbamate, agabine, topiramate, levetiracetam, zonisamide, pregabalin, retigabine, perampanel, and lacosamide.
- The aim of drug treatment for epilepsy is to prevent abnormal discharge while leaving normal discharge intact.
- Antiepileptic drugs control abnormal discharge through mechanisms such as enhancement of GABA action, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channel function, and antagonism of glutamate receptors.
- Some antiepileptic drugs work by enhancing GABAergic transmission through positive allosteric modulation, inhibition of GABA transaminase, or inhibition of GABA uptake.
- Benzodiazepines enhance GABAergic transmission at the GABAA receptor by binding to a different site than GABA and increasing GABA's affinity for the receptor.
- Some antiepileptic drugs work by inhibiting voltage-dependent sodium channel function, preventing the propagation of action potentials and showing use dependence.
- Other antiepileptic drugs work by inhibiting T-type voltage-gated calcium channel function or binding to a subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels.
- Clinically recognized anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Types of anxiolytic drugs include benzodiazepines, SSRIs, 5-HT1A receptor agonists, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and some drugs used for epilepsy and schizophrenia.
- The main benzodiazepines are classified based on their duration of action: ultrashort, short, medium, and long.
- Benzodiazepines have pharmacological effects such as reducing anxiety and aggression, sedation and induction of sleep, and reduction of muscle tone and coordination.
- Benzodiazepines are useful for acute anxiety states, behavioral emergencies, certain medical, surgical, and dental procedures, and transient/acute causes of sleep disturbance. They are only recommended for short durations to avoid tolerance, dependence, and rebound insomnia.
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