Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the uvula?
Prevents food from entering nasal passages
Which salivary gland produces saliva that contains amylase?
Parotid gland
Why is saliva important for taste perception?
In the absence of saliva, taste perception is diminished
What could cyanotic lips in a baby indicate?
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Which condition may cause Cheilosis characterized by fissures at corners of lips?
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What could be a consequence of prolonged N.P.O. (nil per os) in relation to oral health?
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What condition is indicated by a cardiac rate greater than 100 bpm?
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What is a potential cause of a large diffuse epigastric pulsation?
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How can ventricular enlargement be detected in a patient?
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What is a potential cause of a sustained pulsation in the cardiac region?
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Why should a client hold their breath during neck auscultation?
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What might be the cause of accentuated pulsation in the aortic area?
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What term is used to describe the normal condition of the head in terms of size and shape?
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Which of the following facial movements is considered a deviation from normal?
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What does an inconsistently large head size in an adolescent or adult potentially indicate?
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In what situation might an abnormal increase in head size in a young child indicate hydrocephalus?
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What physical characteristic is associated with Acromegaly?
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What should be noted as a sign of a potential central nervous system problem or peripheral nerve problem during a head assessment?
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What is the main function of breasts during the reproductive years?
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Which of the following is a normal characteristic of male breasts?
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What might asymmetric venous patterns in breast veins indicate?
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Which of the following is NOT a deviation from normal when evaluating the breasts?
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What general approach should be followed before conducting a breast assessment?
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What is the recommended sequence for performing breast palpation?
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When assessing for nipple discharge, what is a normal characteristic?
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What is the common type of permanent hearing loss?
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During conductive hearing loss, where is sound typically lateralized?
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What may cause a ratio of bone conduction (BC) to air conduction (AC) that is equal or greater than AC in conductive hearing loss?
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In which type of hearing loss is there often a limited perception of sound due to nerve damage in one ear?
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What type of hearing loss typically affects a client's ability to hear faint sounds or even loud sounds but may be muffled?
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What is the purpose of the Rinne test?
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What does a negative Romberg test suggest about a client's balance?
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What is the main purpose of Romberg's test?
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What might cause a unilateral hearing deficit?
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Where should the vibrating tuning fork be placed first during a Rinne test?
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Study Notes
Health Assessment: Head and Neck
Assessment of the Head
- Normal head size and shape:
- Round and of normal size (normocephalic)
- Symmetric, round, erect, and in midline
- Proportionate to body size
- No lesions or cuts visible
- Deviations from normal:
- Disproportionate
- Asymmetric parietal and temporal prominences
- Increased head circumference
- Square head
- Bulging or depressed bone
- Abnormal increase in head size in young children (may indicate hydrocephalus)
- Inconsistently large head size in adolescents or adults (may indicate acromegaly)
Facial Features
- Normal facial features:
- Symmetric
- Eyebrow hair equally distributed
- Palpebral fissures equal in size
- Deviations from normal:
- Asymmetric features
- Increased facial hair
- Thinning of eyebrows
- Exophthalmos
- Moon face
Assessment of the Face
- Normal facial movements:
- Symmetric facial movements
- Raise or lower both eyebrows
- Blink both eyes
- Close both eyes tightly
- Smile and show teeth
- Frown
- Puff the cheeks
- Deviations from normal:
- Asymmetric facial movements
- Drooping of lower eyelid and mouth
- Involuntary facial movements (may indicate central nervous system or peripheral nerve problems)
Head and Neck Assessment
- Focuses on the cranium, face, thyroid gland, and lymph nodes contained within the head and neck
- Assessment of the head:
- Cranium (skull) can be divided into subsections (occipital, parietal, and frontal bones)
Breast Assessment
- General approach:
- Preparation (patient preparation, nurse preparation, and explanation of the procedure)
- Positioning (patient positioning to assess for retraction and dimpling)
- Inspection (color, size, and symmetry)
- Palpation (use of finger pads to assess for lumps, masses, or nodules)
- Normal findings:
- Flesh-colored breast and axilla
- No thickening or edema
- No lesions or masses
- No nipple discharge
- Normal superficial vascular patterns
- Deviations from normal:
- Redness associated with inflammation
- Peau d'orange pigskin-like appearance due to edema
- Asymmetric venous pattern
- Thickening or edema
- Retracted nipple or breast tissue
- Dimpling
- Lesions or masses
- Nipple discharge
Assessment of Male Breast
- Done essentially in the same manner as that of the female breast
- Every month, inspect for any changes or abnormalities
Assessment of Heart and Neck Vessels
- Inspection of the neck:
- Jugular veins
- Carotid arteries
- Palpation of the neck (cervical lymph nodes)
- Normal findings:
- No thrills
- No palpable lifts or heaves
- No pulses felt on the fingertips
- Deviations from normal:
- Thrills (murmur)
- Palpable lifts or heaves (right ventricular hypertrophy)
- Pulses felt on the fingertips (right ventricular hypertrophy)
Assessment of the Mouth and Throat
- Inspection of the lips:
- Normal color, condition, and symmetry
- No lesions or odor
- Deviations from normal:
- Asymmetry
- Congenital deformity
- Trauma
- Paralysis
- Surgical alteration
- Pallor
- Redness
- Cyanosis
- Lesions
- Cheilitis
- Cheilosis
- Halitosis
- Inspection of the neck:
- Normal neck veins
- No thrills
- No palpable lifts or heaves
- Deviations from normal:
- Thrills (murmur)
- Palpable lifts or heaves (right ventricular hypertrophy)
Assessment of the Nose and Sinuses
- Inspection of the nose:
- Normal shape and size
- No deviation
- No lesions
- Deviations from normal:
- Deviation
- Lesions
- Assessment of the sinuses:
- Normal transillumination
- No tenderness
- Deviations from normal:
- Decreased transillumination
- Tenderness
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