NCM 112 Hematologic Disorders Quiz

Learning Objectives

• Identify types of hematologic disorders by signs and symptoms
• Understand appropriate nursing management for patients with hematologic disorders
• Recognize diagnostic tests relevant to each disorder

Functions of the Hematologic System

• Acts as a transport medium for nutrients and gases
• Provides a defensive function against pathogens
• Supports hemostasis, preventing blood loss
• Helps maintain homeostasis within the body

Blood Composition

• Composed of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
• Makes up 40-45% of total blood volume
• Hematopoiesis is the continuous process of blood cell formation

Key Blood Cell Functions

• Basophil: Releases histamine and heparin in response to inflammation
• Eosinophils: Responds to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
• Neutrophil: Engages in phagocytosis of microorganisms
• Lymphocytes: Produces antibodies for immune defense
• Monocytes: Phagocytizes dead cells and pathogens
• Thrombocytes (Platelets): Facilitates blood clotting
• Erythrocytes (RBCs): Transports oxygen throughout the body
• Leukocytes (WBCs): Plays a crucial role in immune response

Erythropoiesis Process

• Triggered by reduced oxygen levels in the body
• Kidneys release erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow
• Requires iron, Vitamin B12, folic acid, and proteins for RBC maturation

Hemolysis Process

• Aged RBCs are removed by spleen and liver
• Hemoglobin is broken down into:
  • Heme: Converted into bilirubin and secreted as bile
  • Globulin: Utilized by developing new RBCs

Hemostasis Mechanism

• Vessel injury prompts vasoconstriction
• Platelet plug forms at the injury site
• Development of a blood clot occurs
• Growth of fibrous tissue finalizes the repair

Anemia Overview

• Defined as lower than normal hemoglobin concentration
• Types include:
  • Hypoproliferative Anemia
  • Bleeding Anemia
  • Hemolytic Anemia

Global Manifestations of Anemia

• Fatigue and generalized weakness
• Pallor and pale skin
• Anorexia and thin, dry skin and hair
• Tachycardia and insomnia
• Dizziness and irritability
• Exertional dyspnea

Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Most common anemia caused by inadequate iron intake
• Causes include:
  • Bleeding from ulcers, gastritis, IBD, GI tumors
  • Menorrhagia and inadequate diet during pregnancy
  • Use of NSAIDs and aspirin

Clinical Manifestations of Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Smooth, red tongue
• Brittle and ridged nails
• Angular cheilosis
• Pallor

Diagnostic Findings for Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Bone marrow aspiration is definitive
• Decreases in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), hematocrit (Hct), and RBC counts

Medical Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Test stool specimens for occult blood
• Advise colonoscopy, endoscopy, or X-ray for those 50+
• Primary treatment includes oral iron supplementation

Nursing Management for Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Educate on high-iron foods: organ meats, beans, leafy greens
• Recommend consumption of vitamin C with iron-rich foods to boost absorption
• Advise taking iron one hour before meals and be aware of dark stools
• Provide nutritional counseling and suggest fiber-rich foods to ease bowel movements
• Suggest using a straw for liquid iron supplements to prevent staining teeth

Aplastic Anemia Overview

• Rare condition resulting from damage to bone marrow stem cells
• T-cell mediated inappropriate attack on the bone marrow

Etiology of Aplastic Anemia

• Potential causes include viral infections, pregnancy, and exposure to benzene

Clinical Manifestations of Aplastic Anemia

• Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and risk of infections
• Presents with purpura and cervical lymphadenopathy due to repeated throat infections

Diagnostic Findings for Aplastic Anemia

• Condition characterized by pancytopenia (low counts of all blood cells)

This quiz is designed for NCM 112 students focusing on the hematologic disorders of adults. It aims to assess knowledge of various disorders, their signs and symptoms, and appropriate nursing management approaches. Prepare to test your understanding and enhance your clinical skills!