NCM-112-A Unit Exam on Cholecystitis Treatment

The initial treatment for cholecystitis involves pain relief, fluid replacement, and antibiotic medication.

Foods rich in fat, like eggs and cheese, should be avoided in a cholecystitis diet.

Post-operative care for cholecystectomy includes monitoring for infection, bile leakage, and blockage of bile drainage.

A low-carbohydrate diet with frequent small meals is suitable for cholecystitis.

Acute cholecystitis typically presents with nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

PID is mainly caused by the spread of bacteria from the vagina and cervix to the upper genital tract.

Antibiotics are the primary treatment for PID, aimed at tackling the infection.

PID can cause infertility, so it's crucial to emphasize the importance of seeking treatment.

The nurse should assess the patient's sexual history and recent partners to identify potential sources of infection.

Irregular menstrual bleeding is a common symptom of PID.

Fever and chills are signs of systemic inflammation, supporting a PID diagnosis.

Low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, and fever indicate potential complications like peritonitis in appendicitis.

Cirrhosis is a potential complication of pancreatitis.

Yellow sclera, a sign of jaundice, is a hallmark of the icteric phase of viral hepatitis.

Clay-colored stools are a sign of bilirubin buildup, which should be reported immediately.

A high white blood cell count (leukocytosis) is a significant sign of infection, which should be reported immediately in a patient with appendicitis.

Muscle twitching is a sign of electrolyte imbalances that can occur during a severe episode of pancreatitis.

Chron's disease typically presents with semi-liquid stools.

Ulcerative colitis has a cyclical pattern of remissions and exacerbations.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus should avoid exposure to sunlight, monitor their body temperature, and understand that corticosteroids should be used as directed by a healthcare professional.

Plasmapheresis removes antibodies, which are implicated in the development of MS symptoms.

Strep throat infections are a common trigger for glomerulonephritis.

Primary glomerulonephritis is triggered by an infection, while secondary glomerulonephritis arises from other underlying conditions.

Blood and body fluid precautions help prevent the spread of hepatitis B.

The highest priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with TB is 'Risk for injury related to infection' because of the potential for transmission.

A diagnosis of AIDS is confirmed when a patient develops specific opportunistic infections or cancers, such as malignant lymphoma.

Standard precautions, including wearing gloves during mouth care, are sufficient when caring for an HIV-positive patient.

A client with active TB should wear a face mask before leaving the room to prevent the spread of infection.

A client with MRSA should be placed in contact precautions.

Measles typically presents with maculopapular rashes.

Permethrin is a pediculicide rinse used to treat head lice. Apply it to washed hair for 2 minutes and rinse.

Transplant rejection can be prevented through a combination of strategies, including tissue matching, using the recipient's own cells, and using immunosuppressive therapies.

Brain death is determined by the absence of brainstem reflexes and spontaneous breathing.

A patient with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after a bone marrow transplant would be a suitable roommate for a patient with acute transplant rejection due to shared immunosuppression concerns.

The nurse should anticipate the administration of immunosuppressant medications to manage acute kidney transplant rejection.

Thrombocytopenia and increased lymphocytes are common laboratory findings in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Older African-American males are at higher risk for developing multiple myeloma.

A wedge resection involves removing a small, localized area of the lung, including a bronchiole and its alveoli.

The three main consequences of leukemia are anemia, infection, and bleeding tendencies.

A spinal tap is performed in leukemia patients to assess for central nervous system involvement.

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells within the body.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women.

Tobacco use is responsible for a significant majority (87%) of lung cancer cases.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing and aggressive type of lung cancer, accounting for 20-25% of all lung cancers.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type, representing 80% of lung cancers, and generally grows more slowly than SCLC.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of NSCLC typically found in the larger bronchi, often linked to smoking.

Adenocarcinoma, the most common type of NSCLC, originates in the glandular cells of the alveoli, and can occur in both smokers and non-smokers.

Large cell carcinomas are less common, found in various lung areas, and grow and spread faster than other NSCLC types.

Risk factors for lung cancer include smoking history, age, genetic predisposition, pollution, occupational exposure to carcinogens, family history of lung diseases, and diet.

Pathophysiology of lung cancer begins with carcinogens damaging lung cells, leading to abnormal proliferation and ultimately malignant transformation of the cells.

Localized symptoms of lung cancer are related to the lung itself, while generalized symptoms indicate cancer spread to other parts of the body.

Early lung cancer symptoms can include cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, chest pain, recurring respiratory infections, and slight temperature changes.

Later lung cancer symptoms may include bone pain, chest tightness, dysphagia, head and neck edema, blurred vision, headaches, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, cachexia, pleural effusion, liver metastasis, and regional spread.

Diagnostic tests for lung cancer include chest x-ray, CT scan, PET scan, and MRI, used to identify lung masses and assess cancer spread.

Laboratory tests used to identify cancer cells and evaluate health status include sputum cytology, biopsy, molecular testing, and blood tests.

Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic procedure to visualize the airways, collect tissue samples, and evaluate lung abnormalities.

Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure used to examine the mediastinum and biopsy lymph nodes to assess cancer spread.

VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery) is a minimally invasive technique used to view and remove lung tissue or tumors.

The TNM staging system for lung cancer classifies the tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M), to determine the extent of cancer and guide treatment.

Tumor size (T) in the TNM system describes the dimensions of the tumor, ranging from Tx (unknown) to T4 (invading nearby structures).

Nodal involvement (N) in TNM staging describes the presence and location of cancer cells in lymph nodes, ranging from N0 (no involvement) to N3 (spread to distant lymph nodes).

Metastasis (M) in TNM staging indicates whether cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, classified as M0 (no spread) or M1 (spread to distant regions).

Lung resection involves surgical removal of part or all of the lung to diagnose and treat lung disorders. The procedure involves different types like lobectomy, bilobectomy, sleeve resection, pneumonectomy, segmentectomy, wedge resection, and chest wall resection.

Radiation therapy for lung cancer aims to control the tumor, reduce its size, and alleviate symptoms.

Chemotherapy is used to alter tumor growth and treat patients with metastasis. Specific drug regimens are used for SCLC and NSCLC.

Side effects of lung cancer treatments include pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, altered respiratory function, fatigue, decreased nutritional intake, radiodermatitis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, cold pale skin, peripheral neuropathy, lung fibrosis, cognitive changes, grief, and immunosuppression.

Complementary therapies like nutritional support, physical activity, and herbal remedies can alleviate chemotherapy side effects and improve quality of life.

Prognostic factors for lung cancer include cancer cell type, tumor size and location, stage at diagnosis, age, gender, test results, treatment response, and overall health.

Primary prevention of lung cancer focuses on avoiding tobacco smoke and environmental carcinogens, and promoting chemoprevention with vitamins A, E, and C.

Secondary prevention of lung cancer aims at early detection and diagnosis in high-risk populations through screening methods like chest x-ray, MRI, CT scans, and sputum cytology.

Tertiary prevention of lung cancer focuses on supporting survivors to maintain optimal functioning regardless of their condition, utilizing strategies like rehabilitation, emotional support, and medication adherence.

Nursing assessments for lung cancer patients include collecting subjective data (past health history, exposure to carcinogens, symptoms) and objective data (vital signs, respiratory assessment, cardiovascular assessment, and test results).

Post-operative complications of lung cancer surgery can include airway obstruction, bleeding, cardiac dysrhythmias, fever, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolus, wound dehiscence, prolonged hospitalization, and death.