NCM 107 – Maternal and Child Health Module 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of progesterone during pregnancy?

  • Stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins
  • Maintains pregnancy (correct)
  • Promotes fetal development
  • Induces labor
  • Which hormone's drop may lead to premature labor in late pregnancy?

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Progesterone (correct)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Estrogen
  • Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal cascade in the menstrual cycle?

  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRF) (correct)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • What effect does estrogen have on blood coagulability?

    <p>Increases fibrinogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates uterine contractions as pregnancy approaches term?

    <p>Drop in progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes gonadotropins during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predicted consequence of a drop in progesterone at term?

    <p>Enhanced stimulation of uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is not directly involved in stimulating uterine contractions before labor?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does progesterone affect smooth muscle in the uterus?

    <p>Relaxes smooth muscle, including the myometrial muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Lyme disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signifies the end of the first trimester?

    <p>Completion of organogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can tetracycline and doxycycline cause during pregnancy?

    <p>Tooth discoloration in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage does the lung alveoli begin to mature?

    <p>End of 16 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the erythema chronicum migrans associated with Lyme disease?

    <p>It has a clear center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the finger and toe nails develop?

    <p>End of 16 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the corpus luteum typically live?

    <p>10 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows sperm to penetrate the corona radiata?

    <p>Capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the 16-celled stage during embryonic development called?

    <p>Morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for releasing the ovum?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the morula on the 4th day after fertilization?

    <p>Enters the uterine cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component surrounds the ovum at fertilization?

    <p>Zona pellucida and Corona radiata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Formation of the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of semen released per ejaculation?

    <p>2.5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spermatozoa are typically contained in an average ejaculation?

    <p>50-200M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for stimulating the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of FSH?

    <p>The follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle is oestrogen at its lowest?

    <p>Days 4 to 5 of the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oestrogen in relation to ovarian follicles?

    <p>Stimulates development of primordial follicles into Graafian follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of progesterone during early pregnancy?

    <p>Maintains the specialization of the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does cervical mucus have during ovulation?

    <p>Thin, clear, and stringy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does luteinizing hormone (LH) primarily influence?

    <p>The process of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change does progesterone facilitate?

    <p>Preparation of the endometrium for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) affect cervical mucus?

    <p>Makes mucus clear and stretchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teratogenic condition is known to cause severe neurologic damage to the infant?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of congenital defect is a patent ductus arteriosus classified as?

    <p>Cardiac defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects?

    <p>Live virus vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ophthalmic condition can be caused by Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?

    <p>Optic atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential implication of dental candidiasis during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased risk of dental caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome for infants affected by the Herpes Simplex Virus during pregnancy?

    <p>Neurologic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for restricted intrauterine growth (SGA)?

    <p>Maternal smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these infections is transmitted by droplet infection and can affect fetal development?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can occur if a mother is infected with Chlamydia during pregnancy?

    <p>Risk of uterine infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with the transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus to the infant?

    <p>Severe neurological impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prenatal Care

    • Prenatal care includes both maternal and fetal health management during pregnancy.
    • Progesterone relaxes smooth muscles, maintaining pregnancy; a drop may lead to abortion or premature labor.

    Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Control

    • Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRF) to regulate pituitary gland's gonadotropin secretion.
    • Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG) secretes:
      • Gonadotropins (Gn): Key for reproductive hormone regulation.
      • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation.
      • Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and supports corpus luteum function.

    Ovarian Cycle

    • Involves follicle development, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and degeneration over a 4-week period.
    • Estrogen is secreted by ovaries and placenta during pregnancy, influencing cervical mucus, endometrial proliferation, and secondary sex characteristics.

    Uterine Cycle

    • The uterine cycle coincides with the ovarian cycle, characterized by cyclic endometrial changes in response to hormonal levels.

    Sperm Characteristics

    • Average ejaculation releases about 400 million sperm, which travel through the female reproductive tract using flagella and uterine contractions.
    • Sperm undergo capacitation, changing the plasma membrane to enable binding and penetration of the ovum.

    Fetal Development Stages

    • At 5-8 weeks, the fetus measures approximately 2.5 cm, with organogenesis complete; meconium is visible on ultrasound.
    • By the end of 12 weeks, fingers and toes develop, kidneys begin urine production, and limb movement is detectable but not felt by the mother.

    Infections and Complications in Pregnancy

    • Cytomegalovirus can cause severe neural and ocular damage to infants.
    • Genital Herpes and Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) can lead to significant complications; certain antibiotics (like tetracycline) are contraindicated in pregnancy.

    Teratogenic Influences

    • Live vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and poliomyelitis are contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential fetal transmission risks.

    Clinical Observations

    • At 16 weeks, tooth buds form, ossification begins in bones, and lung development progresses with surfactant present in amniotic fluid.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the essential aspects of maternal and fetal care during the perinatal period. Key topics include prenatal care for the mother and fetus, the role of progesterone, and the physiological changes that support pregnancy. Test your knowledge and understanding of these crucial nursing practices.

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