Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of progesterone during pregnancy?
What is the primary role of progesterone during pregnancy?
- Stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins
- Maintains pregnancy (correct)
- Promotes fetal development
- Induces labor
Which hormone's drop may lead to premature labor in late pregnancy?
Which hormone's drop may lead to premature labor in late pregnancy?
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Progesterone (correct)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Estrogen
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal cascade in the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal cascade in the menstrual cycle?
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRF) (correct)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
What effect does estrogen have on blood coagulability?
What effect does estrogen have on blood coagulability?
What initiates uterine contractions as pregnancy approaches term?
What initiates uterine contractions as pregnancy approaches term?
Which gland secretes gonadotropins during the menstrual cycle?
Which gland secretes gonadotropins during the menstrual cycle?
What is a predicted consequence of a drop in progesterone at term?
What is a predicted consequence of a drop in progesterone at term?
Which hormone is not directly involved in stimulating uterine contractions before labor?
Which hormone is not directly involved in stimulating uterine contractions before labor?
How does progesterone affect smooth muscle in the uterus?
How does progesterone affect smooth muscle in the uterus?
What is the primary cause of Lyme disease?
What is the primary cause of Lyme disease?
Which of the following signifies the end of the first trimester?
Which of the following signifies the end of the first trimester?
What can tetracycline and doxycycline cause during pregnancy?
What can tetracycline and doxycycline cause during pregnancy?
At which stage does the lung alveoli begin to mature?
At which stage does the lung alveoli begin to mature?
What is characteristic of the erythema chronicum migrans associated with Lyme disease?
What is characteristic of the erythema chronicum migrans associated with Lyme disease?
When do the finger and toe nails develop?
When do the finger and toe nails develop?
What hormone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?
What hormone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?
How long does the corpus luteum typically live?
How long does the corpus luteum typically live?
What process allows sperm to penetrate the corona radiata?
What process allows sperm to penetrate the corona radiata?
What is the appearance of the 16-celled stage during embryonic development called?
What is the appearance of the 16-celled stage during embryonic development called?
Which structure is responsible for releasing the ovum?
Which structure is responsible for releasing the ovum?
What occurs to the morula on the 4th day after fertilization?
What occurs to the morula on the 4th day after fertilization?
What component surrounds the ovum at fertilization?
What component surrounds the ovum at fertilization?
Which of the following is NOT part of the ovarian cycle?
Which of the following is NOT part of the ovarian cycle?
What is the average volume of semen released per ejaculation?
What is the average volume of semen released per ejaculation?
How many spermatozoa are typically contained in an average ejaculation?
How many spermatozoa are typically contained in an average ejaculation?
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?
Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What triggers the secretion of FSH?
What triggers the secretion of FSH?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle is oestrogen at its lowest?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle is oestrogen at its lowest?
What is the function of oestrogen in relation to ovarian follicles?
What is the function of oestrogen in relation to ovarian follicles?
What is the role of progesterone during early pregnancy?
What is the role of progesterone during early pregnancy?
What characteristic does cervical mucus have during ovulation?
What characteristic does cervical mucus have during ovulation?
What condition does luteinizing hormone (LH) primarily influence?
What condition does luteinizing hormone (LH) primarily influence?
What physiological change does progesterone facilitate?
What physiological change does progesterone facilitate?
How does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) affect cervical mucus?
How does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) affect cervical mucus?
Which teratogenic condition is known to cause severe neurologic damage to the infant?
Which teratogenic condition is known to cause severe neurologic damage to the infant?
What type of congenital defect is a patent ductus arteriosus classified as?
What type of congenital defect is a patent ductus arteriosus classified as?
Which of the following infections is contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects?
Which of the following infections is contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects?
Which ophthalmic condition can be caused by Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
Which ophthalmic condition can be caused by Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
What is the potential implication of dental candidiasis during pregnancy?
What is the potential implication of dental candidiasis during pregnancy?
What is a potential outcome for infants affected by the Herpes Simplex Virus during pregnancy?
What is a potential outcome for infants affected by the Herpes Simplex Virus during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for restricted intrauterine growth (SGA)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for restricted intrauterine growth (SGA)?
Which of these infections is transmitted by droplet infection and can affect fetal development?
Which of these infections is transmitted by droplet infection and can affect fetal development?
What complication can occur if a mother is infected with Chlamydia during pregnancy?
What complication can occur if a mother is infected with Chlamydia during pregnancy?
What is the main concern associated with the transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus to the infant?
What is the main concern associated with the transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus to the infant?
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Study Notes
Prenatal Care
- Prenatal care includes both maternal and fetal health management during pregnancy.
- Progesterone relaxes smooth muscles, maintaining pregnancy; a drop may lead to abortion or premature labor.
Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Control
- Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRF) to regulate pituitary gland's gonadotropin secretion.
- Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG) secretes:
- Gonadotropins (Gn): Key for reproductive hormone regulation.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and supports corpus luteum function.
Ovarian Cycle
- Involves follicle development, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and degeneration over a 4-week period.
- Estrogen is secreted by ovaries and placenta during pregnancy, influencing cervical mucus, endometrial proliferation, and secondary sex characteristics.
Uterine Cycle
- The uterine cycle coincides with the ovarian cycle, characterized by cyclic endometrial changes in response to hormonal levels.
Sperm Characteristics
- Average ejaculation releases about 400 million sperm, which travel through the female reproductive tract using flagella and uterine contractions.
- Sperm undergo capacitation, changing the plasma membrane to enable binding and penetration of the ovum.
Fetal Development Stages
- At 5-8 weeks, the fetus measures approximately 2.5 cm, with organogenesis complete; meconium is visible on ultrasound.
- By the end of 12 weeks, fingers and toes develop, kidneys begin urine production, and limb movement is detectable but not felt by the mother.
Infections and Complications in Pregnancy
- Cytomegalovirus can cause severe neural and ocular damage to infants.
- Genital Herpes and Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) can lead to significant complications; certain antibiotics (like tetracycline) are contraindicated in pregnancy.
Teratogenic Influences
- Live vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and poliomyelitis are contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential fetal transmission risks.
Clinical Observations
- At 16 weeks, tooth buds form, ossification begins in bones, and lung development progresses with surfactant present in amniotic fluid.
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