NCM 106 Pharmacology Lecture 5
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary action of mineralocorticoids in the body?

  • Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys (correct)
  • Enhances potassium retention in the plasma
  • Decreases fluid retention
  • Facilitates the excretion of calcium

    • Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of mineralocorticoids?

  • Fluid retention
  • Hypoglycemia (correct)
  • Muscle wasting in extremities
  • Hypertension

    • What should patients be advised to do regarding their medication regimen?

  • Take medication only when symptoms arise
  • Use topical corticosteroids on an as-needed basis
  • Take medications as prescribed without abrupt interruptions (correct)
  • Discontinue medication if side effects occur

    • Which patient symptom should be reported immediately when taking mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Sore throat and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of NSAIDs includes drugs chemically related to salicylic acid?

    <p>Salicylates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunization relies on administering preformed antibodies?

    <p>Passive Immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs is not recommended during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>Celecoxib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for administering Hepatitis B immune globulin?

    <p>Patients allergic to gamma globulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the use of non-salicylate NSAIDs?

    <p>Gastric irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should immune globulin for Hepatitis A be administered?

    <p>In the buttocks muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be advised to do to minimize gastrointestinal upset when taking NSAIDs?

    <p>Take with food or antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a solution of immune globulin has been frozen and shows turbidity?

    <p>It should be discarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs may develop visual changes as a side effect?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of Piroxicam in terms of its administration?

    <p>It should be taken once a day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should Indomethacin users be cautioned about regarding its use?

    <p>May impair alertness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NSAID requires protection from light and should be used for less than 1 week?

    <p>Ketorolac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antipsychotic drugs includes Chlorpromazine as its prototype?

    <p>Typical neuroleptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical use of atypical neuroleptics?

    <p>Mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action do tricyclic antidepressants primarily use?

    <p>Blocking the uptake of amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse reaction associated with antipsychotics?

    <p>Extrapyramidal reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidepressant class is primarily used for severe depression refractory to other treatments?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options includes a drug that acts primarily as a 5-HT uptake inhibitor?

    <p>Fluoxetine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of atypical antidepressants?

    <p>Some are monoamine uptake blockers, while others act by unknown mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of adrenergic drugs?

    <p>Resemble sympathetic nerve stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?

    <p>Phenylephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition is adrenaline primarily indicated?

    <p>Acute bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily used as a hypertensive agent in hypotensive states?

    <p>Nor-adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates adrenaline from nor-adrenaline?

    <p>Adrenaline has more potent ẞ agonist action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of action is classified as indirect?

    <p>Cocaine inhibiting reuptake of catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the direct action of adrenergic drugs?

    <p>Direct activation of adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for adrenaline in emergency medicine?

    <p>To prolong the action of local anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of neostigmine?

    <p>It inhibits cholinesterase and has direct action on skeletal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indication for the use of atropine?

    <p>Muscle relaxant in respiratory therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anticholinergic drug blocks effects at ganglionic receptors?

    <p>Antinicotinics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is NOT classified as an antimuscarinic?

    <p>Gallamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hyoscine compared to atropine?

    <p>It is more depressing to the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the therapeutic uses of synthetic atropine derivatives?

    <p>Reducing urinary bladder activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agonistic effect does atropine primarily target?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about anticholinergics is true?

    <p>They block acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

    • NSAIDs provide analgesic and antipyretic effects by inhibiting prostaglandin release.
    • Classified into Salicylates (e.g., Aspirin) and Non-Salicylates, both used for pain management and anti-inflammatory purposes.

    Salicylates

    • Aspirin (ASA) is the prototype; it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis but may cause gastric irritation and bleeding.
    • Known for anti-platelet aggregation properties, useful in heart attack prevention.

    Non-Salicylates NSAIDs

    • Include agents like Celecoxib (not recommended during pregnancy), Diclofenac (avoid crushing and dairy), Ibuprofen (may cause visual changes), and Naproxen (can prolong bleeding time).
    • Common adverse effects: gastric irritation and bleeding risks, particularly with chronic usage.

    Patient Teaching Tips for NSAIDs

    • NSAIDs alleviate pain through inflammation reduction.
    • Educate on common side effects and recommend taking with food or milk to mitigate gastrointestinal upset.

    Mineralocorticoids

    • Enhance sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and influence fluid balance.
    • Adverse effects include fluid retention, altered glucose levels, and delayed growth in children.

    Patient Teaching and Nursing Considerations

    • Emphasize adherence to prescribed regimens and reporting of severe side effects like high fever or lethargy.
    • Monitor weight, blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and signs of adverse effects.

    Immunization: Active and Passive Immunity

    • Active immunity is achieved through natural or immunization, while passive immunity involves administering preformed antibodies.

    Types of Passive Immunization

    • Immune serums for specific diseases such as hepatitis B or cytomegalovirus.

    Antipsychotic Drugs

    • Treat psychotic illnesses; divided into Typical (e.g., Chlorpromazine) and Atypical (e.g., Clozapine).
    • Adverse effects include extrapyramidal reactions, seizures, and metabolic concerns like weight gain.

    Antidepressant Agents

    • Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) identify as effective for depression and anxiety.
    • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) raise serotonin and noradrenaline levels.
    • Common side effects for TCAs include postural hypotension and sedation.

    Anticholinergics

    • Block acetylcholine’s effects, including ganglion blockers and neuromuscular blockers.
    • Atropine is a key antimuscarinic used for pre-anesthetic medication and other medical conditions.

    Adrenergic Drugs

    • Mimic sympathetic nerve stimulation, classified as catecholamines (e.g., Adrenaline, Noradrenaline) and non-catecholamines (e.g., Ephedrine).
    • Direct-acting drugs stimulate adrenergic receptors, while indirect-acting drugs release endogenous catecholamines.

    Key Clinical Indications for Adrenaline

    • Used to treat acute bronchial asthma, anaphylaxis, and to aid in local anesthesia during surgical procedures.

    Noteworthy Points on Noradrenaline**

    • Primarily acts as a hypertensive agent during critical hypotensive states, especially after spinal anesthesia.

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    NCM 106 Pharmacology Lecture 5 PDF

    Description

    Explore the pharmacological agents acting on the immune system, CNS, and PNS. This quiz covers the classification of NSAIDs, including Salicylates and Non-salicylates, with a focus on their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects.

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