NCM 106 Pharmacology Lecture 5
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary action of mineralocorticoids in the body?

  • Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys (correct)
  • Enhances potassium retention in the plasma
  • Decreases fluid retention
  • Facilitates the excretion of calcium

Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of mineralocorticoids?

  • Fluid retention
  • Hypoglycemia (correct)
  • Muscle wasting in extremities
  • Hypertension

What should patients be advised to do regarding their medication regimen?

  • Take medication only when symptoms arise
  • Use topical corticosteroids on an as-needed basis
  • Take medications as prescribed without abrupt interruptions (correct)
  • Discontinue medication if side effects occur

Which patient symptom should be reported immediately when taking mineralocorticoids?

<p>Sore throat and fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of NSAIDs includes drugs chemically related to salicylic acid?

<p>Salicylates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunization relies on administering preformed antibodies?

<p>Passive Immunization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is not recommended during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

<p>Celecoxib (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for administering Hepatitis B immune globulin?

<p>Patients allergic to gamma globulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with the use of non-salicylate NSAIDs?

<p>Gastric irritation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where should immune globulin for Hepatitis A be administered?

<p>In the buttocks muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients be advised to do to minimize gastrointestinal upset when taking NSAIDs?

<p>Take with food or antacids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a solution of immune globulin has been frozen and shows turbidity?

<p>It should be discarded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs may develop visual changes as a side effect?

<p>Ibuprofen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of Piroxicam in terms of its administration?

<p>It should be taken once a day. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should Indomethacin users be cautioned about regarding its use?

<p>May impair alertness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which NSAID requires protection from light and should be used for less than 1 week?

<p>Ketorolac (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antipsychotic drugs includes Chlorpromazine as its prototype?

<p>Typical neuroleptics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical use of atypical neuroleptics?

<p>Mania (B), Schizophrenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action do tricyclic antidepressants primarily use?

<p>Blocking the uptake of amines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse reaction associated with antipsychotics?

<p>Extrapyramidal reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antidepressant class is primarily used for severe depression refractory to other treatments?

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

<p>Dry mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options includes a drug that acts primarily as a 5-HT uptake inhibitor?

<p>Fluoxetine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of atypical antidepressants?

<p>Some are monoamine uptake blockers, while others act by unknown mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of adrenergic drugs?

<p>Resemble sympathetic nerve stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?

<p>Phenylephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what condition is adrenaline primarily indicated?

<p>Acute bronchial asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily used as a hypertensive agent in hypotensive states?

<p>Nor-adrenaline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates adrenaline from nor-adrenaline?

<p>Adrenaline has more potent ẞ agonist action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of action is classified as indirect?

<p>Cocaine inhibiting reuptake of catecholamines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the direct action of adrenergic drugs?

<p>Direct activation of adrenergic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for adrenaline in emergency medicine?

<p>To prolong the action of local anesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of neostigmine?

<p>It inhibits cholinesterase and has direct action on skeletal muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for the use of atropine?

<p>Muscle relaxant in respiratory therapy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anticholinergic drug blocks effects at ganglionic receptors?

<p>Antinicotinics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is NOT classified as an antimuscarinic?

<p>Gallamine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hyoscine compared to atropine?

<p>It is more depressing to the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the therapeutic uses of synthetic atropine derivatives?

<p>Reducing urinary bladder activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agonistic effect does atropine primarily target?

<p>Muscarinic receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about anticholinergics is true?

<p>They block acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are NSAIDs?

A group of drugs that reduce pain and inflammation by blocking the release of prostaglandins.

What is the prototype salicylate NSAID?

Aspirin, also known as ASA, is a common example of a salicylate NSAID.

What are some common side effects of NSAIDs?

NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding, especially with long-term use.

Give 4 examples of non-salicylate NSAIDs.

Celecoxib, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen are examples of non-salicylate NSAIDs.

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What are mineralocorticoids?

Mineralocorticoids are hormones that regulate sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, influencing fluid balance.

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What are some common adverse effects of mineralocorticoids?

Fluid retention, impaired glucose control, and growth delays in children are potential negative effects of mineralocorticoids.

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What are the differences between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity develops through natural exposure to a pathogen or vaccination, while passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies.

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What are immune serums and how do they work?

Immune serums are a form of passive immunization used to protect against specific diseases like hepatitis B or cytomegalovirus.

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What are antipsychotic drugs used for?

Antipsychotic drugs treat psychotic illnesses by targeting dopamine and other neurotransmitters.

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What are the two main categories of antipsychotic drugs?

Typical antipsychotic drugs, like Chlorpromazine, and Atypical antipsychotic drugs, like Clozapine, are two main categories of these medications.

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What are some common adverse effects of antipsychotics?

Extrapyramidal reactions, seizures, and metabolic issues like weight gain are potential side effects of antipsychotic medications.

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What are TCAs?

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a category of drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.

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What are MAOIs known for?

MAOIs are antidepressants that increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain.

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What are some common side effects of TCAs?

Postural hypotension (low blood pressure when standing) and sedation are possible side effects of TCAs.

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What do anticholinergics do?

Anticholinergics are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in various bodily functions.

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What are two types of anticholinergics?

Ganglion blockers and neuromuscular blockers are two types of anticholinergics that affect the nervous system.

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What is a common example of an anticholinergic?

Atropine, a key antimuscarinic drug, is used as a pre-anesthetic medication and to treat a variety of medical conditions.

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What do adrenergic drugs do?

Adrenergic drugs mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

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What are two examples of adrenergic drugs?

Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are catecholamines, while Ephedrine is a non-catecholamine.

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How do adrenergic drugs work?

Direct-acting adrenergic drugs stimulate adrenergic receptors, while indirect-acting drugs release endogenous catecholamines.

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What are some uses of adrenaline?

Adrenaline is used to treat acute asthma attacks, anaphylaxis, and to assist with local anesthesia during surgery.

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What is the main use of Noradrenaline?

Noradrenaline is mainly used to treat severe hypotension, especially after spinal anesthesia.

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What patient teaching points are important for NSAIDs?

Patients taking NSAIDs should be educated about common side effects and advised to take the medications with food or milk to minimize stomach upset.

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What are some nursing considerations for patients on mineralocorticoids?

Patients on mineralocorticoids need to be closely monitored for fluid retention, blood pressure changes, and electrolyte imbalances.

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How do immunizations create active immunity?

Immunizations generate active immunity by introducing weakened or inactivated pathogens, prompting the body to develop its own antibodies.

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How is passive immunity achieved?

Passive immunity is created through the administration of preformed antibodies, providing immediate protection against a specific pathogen.

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What nursing considerations are important for patients on antipsychotics?

Patients taking antipsychotic drugs need to be monitored for movement disorders (extrapyramidal reactions), seizures, weight gain, and other potential side effects.

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What are some common side effects of antidepressants?

Patients on antidepressants should be aware of common side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, and sexual dysfunction.

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What are some common side effects of anticholinergics?

Anticholinergics can cause blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and tachycardia (fast heartbeat) as potential side effects.

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What are some general side effects of adrenergic drugs?

Adrenergic drugs can cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and anxiety as potential side effects.

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Study Notes

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

  • NSAIDs provide analgesic and antipyretic effects by inhibiting prostaglandin release.
  • Classified into Salicylates (e.g., Aspirin) and Non-Salicylates, both used for pain management and anti-inflammatory purposes.

Salicylates

  • Aspirin (ASA) is the prototype; it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis but may cause gastric irritation and bleeding.
  • Known for anti-platelet aggregation properties, useful in heart attack prevention.

Non-Salicylates NSAIDs

  • Include agents like Celecoxib (not recommended during pregnancy), Diclofenac (avoid crushing and dairy), Ibuprofen (may cause visual changes), and Naproxen (can prolong bleeding time).
  • Common adverse effects: gastric irritation and bleeding risks, particularly with chronic usage.

Patient Teaching Tips for NSAIDs

  • NSAIDs alleviate pain through inflammation reduction.
  • Educate on common side effects and recommend taking with food or milk to mitigate gastrointestinal upset.

Mineralocorticoids

  • Enhance sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and influence fluid balance.
  • Adverse effects include fluid retention, altered glucose levels, and delayed growth in children.

Patient Teaching and Nursing Considerations

  • Emphasize adherence to prescribed regimens and reporting of severe side effects like high fever or lethargy.
  • Monitor weight, blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and signs of adverse effects.

Immunization: Active and Passive Immunity

  • Active immunity is achieved through natural or immunization, while passive immunity involves administering preformed antibodies.

Types of Passive Immunization

  • Immune serums for specific diseases such as hepatitis B or cytomegalovirus.

Antipsychotic Drugs

  • Treat psychotic illnesses; divided into Typical (e.g., Chlorpromazine) and Atypical (e.g., Clozapine).
  • Adverse effects include extrapyramidal reactions, seizures, and metabolic concerns like weight gain.

Antidepressant Agents

  • Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) identify as effective for depression and anxiety.
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) raise serotonin and noradrenaline levels.
  • Common side effects for TCAs include postural hypotension and sedation.

Anticholinergics

  • Block acetylcholine’s effects, including ganglion blockers and neuromuscular blockers.
  • Atropine is a key antimuscarinic used for pre-anesthetic medication and other medical conditions.

Adrenergic Drugs

  • Mimic sympathetic nerve stimulation, classified as catecholamines (e.g., Adrenaline, Noradrenaline) and non-catecholamines (e.g., Ephedrine).
  • Direct-acting drugs stimulate adrenergic receptors, while indirect-acting drugs release endogenous catecholamines.

Key Clinical Indications for Adrenaline

  • Used to treat acute bronchial asthma, anaphylaxis, and to aid in local anesthesia during surgical procedures.

Noteworthy Points on Noradrenaline**

  • Primarily acts as a hypertensive agent during critical hypotensive states, especially after spinal anesthesia.

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NCM 106 Pharmacology Lecture 5 PDF

Description

Explore the pharmacological agents acting on the immune system, CNS, and PNS. This quiz covers the classification of NSAIDs, including Salicylates and Non-salicylates, with a focus on their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects.

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