NC Machine Tools Overview

Group of electro-mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic equipment used to control the motion of an NC machine.

The tool moves from one point to another, but no continuous path is followed.

The tool moves in a controlled straight line, often in one axis at a time.

The tool and workpiece move simultaneously and co-ordinately to create complex shapes.

A system where the control unit sends commands without any feedback about the actual tool position.

A system where the control unit receives feedback about the tool's position to ensure accuracy.

A machining system where the tool's movements are controlled by a computer program that executes specific instructions via a sequence of codes. It allows for precise and automated machining operations.

A type of NC system where the machine tool's movements are determined by a program that provides a continuous path or trajectory for the tool. It enables complex shapes and contours to be machined.

A type of NC system where the machine tool's movements are defined by a series of points or locations. The tool moves from one point to another without following a specific path.

A type of NC machine that uses a closed-loop system. It measures the actual position of the cutting tool and compares it to the desired position specified by the program. Any discrepancies are corrected by adjusting the machine's movements. This feedback loop ensures higher precision and accuracy.

An NC system that utilizes a computer to control the machine tool's movements. It offers enhanced flexibility, program storage, and editing capabilities compared to conventional NC.

A programming language used for controlling numerically controlled (NC) machines, capable of handling up to 5-axis movements and complex contouring operations.

A method of specifying the coordinates of points in an NC system, where the position is referenced to a fixed origin point, commonly known as the datum.

A method of specifying the coordinates of points in an NC system, where the position is referenced to the previous point in the program.

NC machines offer high precision in manufacturing complex parts, reducing human error and improving repeatability.

NC machines can handle frequent design changes effectively, making them ideal for manufacturing parts with evolving specifications.

NC machines optimize machining conditions, reducing non-productive time and ultimately increasing the production rate, resulting in cost-effective part production.

NC machines are suitable for manufacturing parts that require precise and repetitive quality in low to medium production quantities.

NC machines help reduce the lead time required in manufacturing, meaning parts can be produced faster.

NC machines can be cost-effective despite higher initial investment, as they reduce overall costs through greater accuracy and efficiency.

A machining center performs multiple operations on a workpiece without moving it between machines, which reduces handling time and improves efficiency.

Machining centers are often equipped with multiple work tables to allow for the setup of the next component while the current one is being machined.

Machining centers use magazine systems for storing and retrieving tools during machining operations.

Machining centers are primarily utilized for batch production of crucial components.

Machining centers are generally considered economical for manufacturing components that are small in size but represent a significant proportion of the product's value.

Machining centers are known for their high metal removal rates, which leads to increased productivity.

Machining centers offer a high degree of accuracy and the ability to perform multiple operations in a single setup, making them versatile.

Adaptive Control (AC) introduces decision-making into the manufacturing process, analyzing and adjusting variables during machining.

Adaptive Control measures important variables during machining to ensure accuracy and adjust them within programmed limits.

Adaptive Control aims to produce the most accurate finished part possible by dynamically adjusting variables during the machining process.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is a technology where computer programs control machines to manufacture parts. The programs are generated from a digital model created using computer-aided design (CAD).

CNC systems are more flexible than traditional NC systems because they can be easily reprogrammed to manufacture different parts.

CNC machine tools are more versatile because tasks like editing programs, debugging, and printing part shapes are easier.

CNC systems allow for quick access to manufacturing program files, reducing errors and saving time compared to traditional tape reading.

CNC systems use microprocessors, which are more reliable and include self-diagnostic features, making troubleshooting much easier.

CNC systems have a dedicated computer that requires less memory storage, and even small computers can handle large amounts of data. This enables the control of numerous NC machines by a central computer in a DNC system.

CNC machines can be controlled by a central computer in a Direct Numerical Control (DNC) system. This enables multiple machines to work together efficiently.

DNC systems require extensive knowledge of software programming and are typically expensive, making them suitable for large corporations with complex manufacturing needs.

In traditional NC systems, the hard-wired circuits are replaced by a direct communication link to the central computer, eliminating the need for a tape reader.

CNC systems use a database created by CAD software to produce programs for NC machine tools, streamlining the manufacturing process.

A system that monitors the position of the tool during operation and corrects any errors to ensure accuracy.

A transducer attached to the feed drive in a closed-loop system, which provides feedback on the tool's speed and direction.

Devices used in closed-loop systems to measure the position of the tool, such as shaft encoders, linear scales, or Inductosyns.

An NC system where the control unit sends commands without receiving any feedback about the tool's actual position.

A system that uses a continuous stream of commands to guide the tool along a specific path, enabling complex shapes and contours.

A type of motor used in closed-loop NC systems, allowing smoother and continuously controllable movements.

A system where the tool moves from one designated point to another without following a specific path.

A subset of APT specifically designed for smaller components.

Another subset of APT designed for smaller computers that can handle the full power of APT.

Developed by the National Engineering Laboratory in the UK, this language builds upon APT with extra features.

This language, developed in Germany, is both geometrically and technologically oriented. It has several different versions.

This language, developed by IBM in 1962, was initially designed for point-to-point motion control of three-axis machines.

COMPACT was designed to support multiple users accessing a remote computer through telephone lines.

The latest version of COMPACT, which is available to users on a time-sharing basis.

A 'part program' is basically a set of instructions for the machine tool. After it's prepared, it is fed into a general-purpose computer.

A manufacturing process where the machine tool's operations are adjusted based on real-time feedback from sensors, optimizing performance and accuracy.

A machine tool capable of performing multiple machining operations on a workpiece without manual repositioning, improving efficiency and reducing time.

A set of instructions for an NC machine tool, prepared and fed into a general-purpose computer, guiding the machine's operations.

A system where multiple NC machines are controlled by a central computer, enabling efficient and coordinated manufacturing operations.

The aim of manufacturing in the modern age is to produce goods efficiently and competitively to meet market demands and maximize profits. This involves optimized processes, cost reduction, and high-quality products.

Information sources in an NC machine tool are the inputs that provide instructions and data to the control system. They guide the machine's movements, tool selection, and other operations.

Information carriers in NC systems are the mediums used to transmit instructions and data to the control unit. They can be tapes, punched cards, magnetic disks, or direct data communication.

NC machines are classified based on their control system, motion capabilities, and intended application.

Pneumatic control utilizes compressed air to power the machine actuators. It is simple, reliable, and cost-effective, but limited in power, speed, and accuracy.