نباتات الفاكهة والفصيله

Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera Palmceae)

• Date palm is a monocot, evergreen plant, growing along a longitudinal axis
• It has a woody, perennial nature, and takes at least two years to develop strong structure
• Active growth zones on the trunk are responsible for producing new offshoots, spurs (dormant offshoots/aerial offshoots), the crown (apical bud/flower bud), and flower buds
• Offshoot: a bud near the soil surface, with an independent root system. Use for propagation
• Spur: a bud away from the soil surface, with only vegetative growth, and no root system. It can be detached and used for propagation.
• Flower buds: apical bud at the top of the palm, leading to longitudinal growth.
• Offshoot can be separated from the parent plant after 4–5 years, weighting 8–12 kg, and placed in a nursery for a year. This offspring is called "Bint al-Jouri".
• Bint al-Jouri is a grown offshoot that is cultivated in a nursery for a year, before detaching from the parent plant. Shows high success rate.
• The inflorescence (inflorescence) includes a number of racemes on which flowers are arranged.
• The fruit is a date, composed of three soft layers (Exo-Meso-Endo).
• The thin membrane covering the seed is called the Endocarp.
• Propagation by seed can result in variable plants, with different tree and fruit characteristics.
• Vegetative propagation by offshoots is not economical.
• Offshoots have similar characteristics of trees and fruit.

Banana (Musa sp Musaceae)

• Banana is a monocot, evergreen plant, growing along a longitudinal axis
• It is a perennial plant that is vegetative once and then dies
• Banana is the largest herbaceous plant
• The crown is a flower bud; it only flowers once
• New generations grow from the original stem's buds. Each one flowers, then dies
• The stem (corm) is enlarged below the surface;
• The corm contains two types of buds: (1) an apical bud that is the flower/fruit; (2) lateral buds that produce new plants .
• The pseudostem is the wrapping of the leaves.
• The inflorescence develops inside the pseudostem for 14 months; then flowers and fruits for 4 months.
• Fruits develop in rows called "handfuls" are simple, multiple, and false.
• Fruit contains 3 soft layers(Exo-Meso-Endo).
• Propagation is traditionally through seed or offshoots.
• Propagation by the cutting of corms to create new plantlets in a controlled environment is also possible.

Citrus (Fam: Rutaceae)

• Citrus trees are evergreen, and dicots
• They have more than 1600 species
• There are glandular hairs on the leaves.
• The fruit is a specific type of berry called a Hesperidium, with juicesacks in the segments. The pericarp is composed of three parts of the fruit: Exocarp (rind); Mesocarp (pulp); Endocarp (membrane/pulp) .
• The fruit has many carpels
• Propagation can utilize the seeds that arise from the fruit's seeds, or through grafting.
• Citrus varieties are categorized based on leaf size, wing size, presence or lack of wings, and thorns.

Mango (Magnifera Indica Anacardiacae)

• Mango is an evergreen and perennial tree.
• The leaves are simple, lanceolate, and large.
• The fruits vary in size, shape, and rind color (green to colored).
• Seed size, color, and presence/absence determine the propagation method.
• Mango has flowers with a mix of male and female flowers (bisexual).
• The fruit has one seed (single embryos) or multiple seeds (multiple embryos) depending on the variety.
• Propagation uses either seeds or grafting.

Olive (S.N: Olea europea)

• Olive is an evergreen tree with characteristics of deciduous trees.
• The leaves are lanceolate and opposite, somewhat leathery. Needs a cool winter to bloom well and yields a good harvest.
• Olive has male and bisexual flowers.
• In mild winters, the amount of flowers that produce fruit is reduced.
• Lack of nutrition in mild winters leads to problems with the flowers and the harvest.
• Propagation is by seed production or cuttings.
• Olive trees have woody, knotted growths called tubercles or tumors on older trunks, that can be used for propagation purposes.

Pome fruits (Apple, Pears, Quince)

• Pome fruits (Apple, Pear, Quince) are deciduous trees and belong to the Rosaceae family, and includes genera Purus and Malus
• The leaves vary slightly in shape and texture, with or without fuzz.
• The tree is of medium size with mix of male and female flowers.
• Fruit production is related to needing a cold winter/chill hours for adequate blooming.
• Production varies depending on whether or not the variety requires chill hours. Propagation is typically through grafting of seed-grown plants.

Stone fruits (Peach, Apricot, Plum)

• Stone fruits are deciduous trees
• They are characterized by several variations in leaves, which are simple, alternate, rounded or elongated, and with or without fuzz. The leaves are fragrant when rubbed.
• Peach and apricot trees are less cold-hardy than plums, and the fruit varieties vary in need and tolerance for a cold winter season.
• The flower buds are lateral.
• Produce mix of male and female flowers. Some varieties experience delayed leafing (flower before leaves)
• Propagation is through seeds and grafting.

Grapes (Vitis)

• Grapes are deciduous, with some varieties more cold-tolerant than others.
• The leaves are simple leaves that can vary in shape. The plant uses tendrils to climb.
• Flower buds develop on the wood of previous year or two
• The fruit comes from a cluster of flowers (inflorescence).
• There are several cultivars (varieties) for grapes that are either seedless or seeded, depending on the propagation methods. There is a difference between fruiting and non-fruiting growing varieties.